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Page 12 of 34 Yan et al. Soft Sci. 2025, 5, 8 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.66

Table 2. Characteristics of different flexible EMI composites
EMI shielding
Type of filler Method Properties Refs.
effect
C-MXene@PI MXene Dip coating Hydrophobicity 62.50 dB [82]
Chemical crosslinking Antioxidant properties
High-temperature
stability
MXene foams Hydrazine-induced foaming Water resistance 70.00 dB [83]
Durability
The sandwich-structured Electrospinning Thermal conductivity 40.00 dB [84]
nanocomposite Lay-up High mechanical property
Hot-pressing techniques
CEF-NF/Ag/WPU Ag Chemical silver plating Thermal reliability 102.90 dB [87]
Enhanced pressing process High electrical
High mechanical property
AgNWs/cellulose AgNWs Vacuum-assisted filtration High electrical 101.00 dB [89]
Hot pressing High mechanical property
High thermal conductivity
Joule heating
AN@MX/TW MXene Spray layer by layer High electrical 44.00 dB [90]
AgNWs Stability
PVDF/MXene/AgNW Solid solution casting High mechanical property 41.26 dB [91]
High electrical
High thermal conductivity
Ultrathin
CCA@rGO/PDMS GO Freeze drying High thermal conductivity 51.00 dB [98]
Vacuum impregnation High mechanical property
Thermal annealing Thermal stability
GNP/PU GNPs Microwave intercalation High mechanical property 70.50 dB [99]
Solution casting Extreme shielding
stability
FCM MWCNTs Organic sol–gel chemistry High mechanical property 20.00 dB [103]
method High compressive
strength
CNT/GTR CNTs Mechanical blending High electrical 66.90 dB [104]
Compression molding Flexibility
Stability
PFs SWCNTs Vacuum impregnation High electrical 41.00 dB [109]
GO Mechanical mixing Durability
High mechanical property
Stability

EMI: Electromagnetic interference; PI: polyimide; CEF-NF/Ag/WPU: flexible carbon fabric/Ag/waterborne polyurethane; AgNWs: silver
nanowires; TW: transparent wood; PVDF: polyvinylidene difluoride; CCA: cellulose graphene carbon aerogel; rGO: reduced graphene oxide;
PDMS: polydimethylsiloxane; GNP: graphene nanoparticle; PU: polyurethane; FCM: flexible conductive composite; MWCNTs: multi-walled carbon
nanotubes; CNT: carbon nanotube; GTR: waste tire rubber; PFs: polyester fabrics; SWCNTs: single-walled carbon nanotubes.

Based on porous scaffolds
The selection of flexible porous scaffolds to adsorb the PCM not only successfully prevents the leakage of
PCM at the phase change temperature, but also enhances the thermal conductivity and photothermal
conversion performance of PCM, in addition to the flexible scaffolds can endow the composites with
stronger mechanical properties to adapt to the application in extreme environments [124,125] . Liu et al.
prepared PDMS/boron nitride (BN)/PPy porous foams with high flexibility, thermal conductivity, and light-
absorbing ability by the sugar stencil method, and subsequently prepared flexible PDMS/BN/PPy/paraffin
[126]
wax (PW) PCCs by the vacuum impregnation method [Figure 5A] . The porous structure of the PDMS/
BN/PPy foam gives it a very low density and exceptional mechanical flexibility, and the BN nanosheets are
on the boundaries between the neighboring sugar particles to form a 3D thermally conductive network to
improve the thermal conductivity of the composites. For PCCs, the PDMS/BN/PPy foam serves as a flexible
scaffold, preventing PW leakage and allowing flexible deformation. Meanwhile, the photothermal