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Liu et al. Soft Sci. 2025, 5, 7 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.69 Page 15 of 25

interfacial fusing utilizing photothermal treatment. The EMI SE of the film reached 69.6 dB. It also had high
[99]
mechanical performance, photothermal and electrothermal conversion ability and stability . Blast furnace
slag was introduced into phenolic resin and then prepared a C-slag composite by PU template technique
and carbonization. Due to interfacial polarization, dielectric and magnetic losses, the foam at 2 mm with
20% slag had an EMI SE of 48.9 dB with 40 dB absorption, thermal insulation and stability up to 500 C . A
o [41]
FeSiAl@acrylic PU (PUA)@SiO composite was prepared. The SiO and PUA were introduced by sol-gel,
2
2
in-situ polymerization, and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The PUA/SiO improved
2
impedance matching and interface polarization, decreased the dielectric constant. The RLmin of the
composite at 2.3 mm reached -47 dB, while the EAB reached 5.3 GHz, covering almost the entire Ku-band.
The corrosion resistance was also increased .
[43]
PVDF
Multi-layerd rGO-Co Z hexaferrite-PVDF nanocomposite film was prepared by the solution casting
2
method. rGO-Co Z hexaferrite improved interfacial polarization through charge accumulation at the
2
interfaces. The maximum magnetization of the film was 8.9 emu/g at 300 K. Due to the combination of
magnetization and electrical polarization [Figure 7A], the EM SE of the film at 0.861 mm was 54.09 dB .
[2]
Coaxial wet-spinning assembly was used to prepare core-shell fibers with PVDF shell and MXene core. The
PVDF hydroxylation enhanced the interfacial interaction [Figure 7B]. The electrical conductivity and an
-1
elongation at break of the fiber was 3.08 × 10 S·m and 16%. The PVDF shell prevented erosion and
5
oxidation of the MXene core. A MXene/PVDF textile with a 6 μm MXene layer exhibited an EMI SE of
60 dB and a Joule heating performance . A PVDF/MXene aerogel with anisotropic structure was prepared
[100]
by directional freezing and freeze-drying. The aerogel had highly aligned MXene due to the hydrogen
bonding and van der Waals interactions between MXene and PVDF. As a result of the increased conduction
loss and multi-reflections [Figure 7C], the EMI SE of the aerogel in the transverse direction and freezing
direction were 53 and 45 dB dominated by the absorption .
[101]
A layered GNP-PVDF/MXene composite film was fabricated using a blade-coating method. The film
developed a well-contacted in-plane conduction network, with a high electrical conductivity of 7,423 S/m,
-1
-1
an in-plane TC of 36.9 W·m ·K , an EMI SE of 36.3 dB. Moreover, the film reduced the light-emitting diode
[88]
(LED) heating temperature by more than 15 °C . A CNT-graphene-NiCo chains/PVDF film was
fabricated by solution mixing and compression. The EMI SE and electrical conductivity of the film were
63.3 dB and 9.12 S/cm, which was ascribed to the electrical conductivity of CNT-graphene-NiCo, dielectric
[90]
and magnetic loss, interfacial polarization, and multi-reflections . The CNT/PVDF foam functioned as a
shielding layer, while MXene@SiCnw heterostructure was added into the PVDF foam as an absorption
layer. The two layers can adjust the electrical conductivity and impedance. The film had an EAB of
5.54 GHz and an EMI SE of 45 dB, nearly covering the whole Ku-band .
[9]

ANFs and CNFs
Polymer-based nanofiber materials have become attractive options for EMI shielding and adsorption. They
are usually used to build 3D aerogel and obtain carbon aerogel by carbonization. For example, it is possible
to use CNFs with high mechanical performance as the matrix and connecting bridge of fillers, to create a
porous structure and enhance the dispersion of fillers . Enhanced EMI SE results from their large surface-
[14]
to-volume ratio, which makes it easier to have absorption sites . The combination of porosity and electric/
[102]
magnetic coupling loss can alleviate the impedance mismatching, which allows EMW to enter aerogels
[103]
rather than being reflected right away .