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Page 14 of 25 Liu et al. Soft Sci. 2025, 5, 7 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.69

prepare a segregated structure in PDMS/CNT composite. The EMI SE of the composite with 2.2 vol% of
CNT was 47.0 dB. In contrast to the traditional segregated composite, the tensile strength and elongation at
break of the obtained composite were 3.6 MPa and 87.0%, respectively, increasing by 35.0 and 7.0 times.
[69]
After 1,000 stretching-releasing at a strain of 30%, the EMI SE retention was 80% . In another study,
segregated SiO particles were added to the PDMS/MWCNT composite to provide numerous interfaces and
2
a volume exclusion effect. The composite containing 3.0 vol% MWCNT and 32.4 vol% SiO had an EMI SE
2
of 61.4 dB .
[48]
EP
Silicon carbide nanoparticles were fabricated by carbothermal reduction, and were added into EP to form a
composite. The RLmin and EAB of the composite at 4.25 mm with 20 wt% of SiC is -62.02 dB and 7.7 GHz.
The composite at 4.50 mm had an EABmax of 8.1 GHz, shielding nearly the whole X-band and Ku-band.
The interfacial enhanced the EMW absorption. Under microwave radiation, the shape memory recovery
took 31 s, and the deformation efficiency and shape recovery rate rose by 125.81% and 17.84% compared
with pure EP . A Fe O @SiO /MXene interlayer structure was fabricated by electrostatic self-assembly. The
[19]
3
2
4
Fe O @SiO increased the interlayer spacing of MXene and elongated the propagation path. The
3
2
4
heterostructure achieved high impedance matching because of the combination of magnetic and dielectric
effect, and prolonged MW propagation pathway. The hetero-interfaces boost polarization and dielectric
loss. The RLmin of the Fe O @SiO /MXene/EP composite at 1 mm reached -60.9 dB . An EP/melamine-
[94]
4
3
2
derived carbon foams@LDH composite was prepared by in situ growth and vacuum deposition. The porous
structure and the heterointerface prolonged the EM transmission path and provided abundant interfaces
and polarization sites; the composite with 10 wt% filler loading exhibited an RLmin of -57.77 dB and an
-1
-1
EAB of 7.20 GHz (from 10.48 to 17.68 GHz). Moreover, it had high TC (0.62 W·m ·K ) and flame-
retardancy performance . EP composite was prepared by the synergy of CNT/AgBNs on long-range CF
[95]
felt skeletons. The CNT/AgBNs improved the interfacial bonding between EP and CF, and alleviated the
phonon scattering at the interface. The TC of the composite was enhanced by 333% compared to EP. The
composite had an EMI SE of 51.36 dB because of the multiple reflection and adsorption promoted by the
[96]
multiple heterointerfaces .
PU
A thermoplastic PU (TPU)/graphene composite foam was prepared by phase separation method. Due to the
dipole polarization, conduction loss, interfacial polarization loss and multi-scattering, the foam at 3.1 mm
with 3 wt% graphene had an RLmin of -51.86 dB and an EAB of 4.28 dB (12.6-17.0 GHz). Due to improved
impedance matching, the composite with the same amount of Fe O as graphene had an RLmin of
4
3
[87]
-58.96 dB . A MoS /rGO/TPU foam was fabricated by vapor-induced phase separation. The MoS /rGO
2
2
prevented rGO restacking and reinforced the TPU. The EMI SE of the foam at 3 mm with 7 wt% MoS /rGO
2
was -32 dB due to electric dipoles, and carrier hopping resulted from multi-reflections and
heterointerfaces . A TPU/CoFe O /graphite composite was prepared. Because of interfacial and dipole
[34]
4
2
polarization, synergistic dielectric and magnetic loss, conduction loss, and multiple scattering, the
composite at 5 mm with 15 wt% CoFe O and 35 wt% graphite showed an EMI SE of 41.5 dB in 8.2-12.4
2
4
GHz .
[97]
A PU composite elastomer assisted by coral reef-like MXene/CNT@Fe O was prepared. Due to the
3
4
synergism of magnetic, conduction, and polarization loss, the composite at 4 mm had an RLmin of
-54.81 dB. It showed a good sensitivity for strain sensing and human motion monitoring. Its thermal
[98]
diffusion capability was 155.9% higher than that of pure PU, and it remained stable at 200 C . A film was
o
fabricated consisting of a top layer of PU/Fe O NPs and a bottom layer of Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs)/PU by
4
3