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Xiao et al. Soft Sci. 2025, 5, 40 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2025.51 Page 5 of 8

Figure 2. (A) Real-time active rehabilitation system based on dual-modality sensing of muscle force and sEMG [17] . Reprinted with
permission. Copyright 2023, John Wiley & Sons; (B) Antibacterial hydrogel electrodes for prosthetic control in HMI applications: B 1
System operation schematic; B Real-time prosthetic hand control via dual-channel sEMG signals [34] . Reprinted with permission.
2
Copyright 2025, American Chemical Society; (C) Throat motion monitoring and rehabilitation using sEMG and accelerometer-based
dual-modality sensing: C Cloud-based interface for real-time throat motion tracking; C Classification accuracy of 13 throat movements
1 2
from two subjects [29] . Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2023, Springer Nature; (D) Continuous attention level assessment system:
D Schematic of wireless EEG acquisition system; D Confusion matrix of attention classification results; D Real-time system interface
1 2 3
for sustained attention evaluation [19] . Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2023, John Wiley & Sons; (E) Machine learning-assisted sign
language recognition based on sEMG: E CNN-based algorithm framework for sign language translation; E Post-training accuracy/loss
1 2
curves and confusion matrix for eight sign gestures [24] . Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2024, John Wiley & Sons. HMI: Human-
machine interaction; sEMG: surface electromyograms; EEG: electroencephalograms; CNN: convolutional neural network.
platform. Innovations in structural and circuit design can enable integrated physiological signal sensing.

Next, electromagnetic interference (EMI) can disrupt signal acquisition, especially at high frequencies,
affecting signal stability and the SNR [37-40] . Hydrogel electrodes must have sufficient EMI resistance. Using
liquid metal for EMI shielding is common, but its efficiency needs improvement in specific frequency
ranges . Designing gradient or porous structures could enhance shielding in targeted directions or achieve
[41]
absorption-based shielding.