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Page 6 of 8 Xiao et al. Soft Sci. 2025, 5, 40 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2025.51

Finally, due to their excellent biocompatibility, hydrogel electrodes hold great potential for human
rehabilitation applications. In future research, they could serve as interface materials for brain-computer
interfaces, sensing brain electrical signals to enable human control of external machinery, thus helping
patients who are unable to move independently regain mobility.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Xiao, M., Zhang, X., and Luo, Y. contributed equally to this work.
Wrote the original draft: Xiao, M.; Zhang, X.; Luo, Y.
Supervised, reviewed, and revised the manuscript: Xie, R.; Tao, K.; Wu, J.

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
The authors acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(22475243), the Foundation of the state key Laboratory of Transducer Technology (No. SKT2301), the Open
Project Program of Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Intelligent Equipment Measurement and Control,
Fujian Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, China (No. FJIES2024KF02).

Conflicts of interest
Wu, J. is a Guest Editor of the journal Soft Science. Wu, J. was not involved in any steps of editorial
processing, notably including reviewers’ selection, manuscript handling and decision making. The other
authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2025.

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