Page 116 - Read Online

Page 4 of 9 Yin et al. Soft Sci. 2025, 5, 30 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2025.15

Table 1. Performance comparison and their application in wearable sensors of representative gelatin-based tough biogels
Mechanical property Admirable
Composition Conductivity Function Application Ref.
Strength stretchability performance
Gelatin/citric acid/sugar/glycerol 10-140 180%-325% / Substrate Self-healing; Integrated multimodal [28]
kPa Adhesion; e-skin
Recycling;
Gelatin/glycerol / Flexible / Substrate Recycling; Capacitive touch [29]
sensors
Gelatin/alginate/glycerol ~ 2.0 MPa 540% / Substrate Self-healing; Integrated [38]
Recycling; multifunctional soft
electronics
−1
Gelatin/alginate/glycerol/metal 0.64-1.88 45-150% 0.17-6.1 mS m Active / Thermal, humidity, [34]
cations MPa sensing strain sensors;
material Photodetector
Gelatin/betaine-[Fe(CN) ] 3-/4- 0.44 MPa 247% 4.04 S m -1 Active Self-healing Thermal sensor array [35]
6
sensing
material
Gelatin/citric acid/NaCl ~ 0.8 MPa ~ 460% ~ 155 ohms at Active Temperature- On-skin bioelectrode [36]
100 Hz sensing controlled phase for EEG recording
material transition;
Adhesion
Gelatin/sodium pyrrolidone ~ 0.18 MPa 256% 25 mS cm -1 Active Adhesion; Bio-interface for [38]
carboxylic acid sensing Temperature- recording
material controlled phase electrophysiology
transition; signals
Self-healing
-1
Gelatin/MXene/tannic 1.81 MPa 330% ~ 80 mS cm Active Adhesion Thermal, strain [43]
acid/glycerol sensing sensors
material
Gelatin/PEDOT:PSS/glycerol- ~ 1-3 MPa 200-375% 0.29-0.91 S/m Active Adhesion Bioelectrode for ECG [45]
choline chloride sensing and EMG signal
material detection

“/” indicates “not available” in the references. The symbol “~” represents the estimated value in their articles. EEG: Electroencephalogram; ECG:
electrocardiogram; EMG: electromyography; PEDOT: Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene); PSS: poly(styrenesulfonate).

Figure 2. Radar chart comparing performance metrics of gelatin-based biogels with typical synthetic polymer gels.

graded modulus gels as tailored and sophisticated substrates for stretchable electronics [Figure 3A] . By
[28]
integrating temperature, humidity, and strain sensors with a reusable flexible printed circuit board (PCB) on
the biogel substrate, a stretchable and biodegradable on-skin electronic device was successfully fabricated,
demonstrating potential as sustainable wearable electronics for real-time physiological monitoring