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Financial support and sponsorship
This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52203108,
52373093), Excellent Youth Found of Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province (242300421062),
Central Plains Youth Top notch Talent Program, the Key Scientific Research Projects of Colleges and
Universities in Henan Province, China (25A430011), and the 111 project (D18023).

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
All human experiments involving strain sensor testing were conducted with informed written consent from
the participant (an author of this study). The study complied with local regulations and ethical standards,
involving only non-invasive monitoring of bodily motion and physical signals. No sensitive personal data or
commercial interests were involved, and the procedure caused no harm to participants, thus qualifying for
ethical approval exemption.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2025.

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