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agriculture. Based on this comprehensive analysis, this review aims to provide guidance for the optimization and
innovation of flexible moisture-electric generating devices, accelerating their deployment in intelligent electronic
textiles and other wearable technologies.

INTRODUCTION
Against the backdrop of global focus on sustainable development, achieving carbon neutrality has become
crucial for improving the environment and climate . The carbon neutrality goal is driving the expansion of
[1-3]
the green, clean energy industry chain . Given the environmental degradation associated with fossil fuels,
[4]
the development and utilization of sustainable energy technologies, such as hydropower , solar energy ,
[5,6]
[7,8]
and wind power [9,10] , have become the forefront of energy research. Hydropower is a clean, efficient, and
sustainable energy option, encompassing traditional hydroelectric power generation [11-13] , evaporation power
generation [14-17] , and the emerging method of moisture-electric generation [18,19] . Compared to other power
generation methods, such as triboelectric power generation [20,21] , evaporation power generation [22,23] , and solar
power generation , they rely on friction, heat, and sunlight, respectively , and all exhibit dependence on
[25]
[24]
external factors [14,26] . Furthermore, it is difficult for these methods to achieve continuous and stable
all-weather energy supply, and their overall equipment structures are complex. Triboelectric nanogenerators
(TENGs) generate signals by coupling triboelectric and electrostatic induction effects, operating during
mechanical motion or contact separation [27,28] . Moisture-electric generators (MEGs) generate electricity solely
through the spontaneous, continuous adsorption and desorption of ambient moisture. Evaporative power
generation relies on solar-driven interfacial evaporation processes , requiring liquid water sources and
[29]
avoiding freezing conditions . MEGs can operate directly using humidity gradients in the air and function
[23]
even in environments containing only water vapor, making them suitable for a wider range of applications.
MEGs are physicochemical processes that operate continuously as long as atmospheric relative humidity
(RH) is not zero, offering a longer theoretical lifespan. In mild, humid, non-freezing environments
year-round, they can provide sustainable energy without human intervention and with low maintenance
over a wide range of environmental humidity, giving MEGs the greatest advantage in providing continuous
and stable power [30,31] . Compared to the previous two systems, MEGs cannot operate under diverse climatic
conditions with abundant mechanical energy such as TENGs, nor can they provide the relatively stable
output of evaporation systems with guaranteed water sources. Performance is limited in extremely dry or
cold conditions, where reduced ion mobility and weakened proton gradients result in significant
performance degradation [32] . Some teams have designed MEGs that can operate stably in dry or
low-temperature environments [33-35] . As specialized complementary energy sources for specific environments,
they have the potential to form hybrid energy harvesting systems with other technologies, enabling practical
applications across a wider range of scenarios. Therefore, MEGs demonstrate unique application potential in
sustainable energy supply due to their advantages of being environmentally friendly, structurally simple, and
independent of specific geographical conditions .
[36]
MEGs capture moisture from the atmosphere through hygroscopic materials, driving the dissociation and
migration of ions within their functional groups [17,37] , ultimately achieving highly efficient electrical energy
output [38,39] . Moisture-electric generation textiles (MEGTs) have shown promising applications in energy
supply, wearable technology, and health monitoring, making them a focal point of academic research. They
feature a simple structure and are easy to integrate flexibly, significantly reducing system complexity and
manufacturing costs . They can be readily embedded into self-powered miniature electronic devices or
[40]
sensors . In addition, these systems demonstrate high adaptability in smart wearable textiles, reducing
[41]
reliance on external power sources and opening new avenues for diversified energy applications [42,43] .