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Page 12 of 15 Romano et al. Soft Sci 2024;4:31 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.24

Table 3. Comparison of pressure sensors
Sensing area Working principle Sensitivity Recovery time Measuring range Ref.
15 × 15 mm 2 Capacitive 0.161 kPa -1 N.D. 0-10 kPa [4]
2 -1
6 × 6 mm Capacitive 0.000022 kPa N.D. 240-1,000 kPa [32]
-1
N.D. Capacitive 0.01 kPa 800 ms 18-70 kPa [22]
10 × 10 mm 2 Piezoresistive 0.096 kPa -1 N.D. 0-175 kPa [60]
2 -1
28 × 28 mm Piezoresistive 0.011 kPa N.D. 0-120 kPa [24]
56 mm 2 Magnetic 16 mV/N N.D. 0-0.05 kPa [33]
2 -1
50 mm Magnetic -0.051 kPa 400 ms 0-7 kPa Our work: CIL, Eco30t25
2 -1
50 mm Magnetic -0.004 kPa 400 ms 0-80 kPa Our work: FULL Eco50
N.D.: Not declared.

Future research will involve comprehensive testing to assess the sensor’s performance and susceptibility to
motion artifacts in real-life applications. This includes analyzing its behavior during various activities and
comparing it with other sensor types to establish robustness and reliability. Another sensor was tested
during tapping at different frequencies and intensities, demonstrating strong adaptability to various
operating conditions. Overall, the sensors presented in this work demonstrate significant potential for
miniaturization and customization to specific applications. The dimensions of the current design can be
reduced by optimizing the geometry, materials, and magnetization of the sensor components. This
miniaturization will enhance user comfort and expand its applicability in wearable and robotic devices.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Conceived the concept of the magnetic pressure sensors tunable by hyperplastic materials mediums and
supervised the project: Massaroni C
Designed the pressure sensors and conducted all the experiments: Romano C, Lo Presti D, Massaroni C
Provided support throughout the experiment process and revised the manuscript: Silvestri S, Schena E
Contributed to discussions regarding the performance and analysis of the architected pressure sensors:
Romano C, Lo Presti D, Massaroni C
Participated in writing: Romano C, Massaroni C

Availability of data and materials
The datasets, including experimental data and simulation models presented in this study, and the code used
and presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.

Financial support and sponsorship
The authors acknowledge the financial support from European Union-Next Generation EU-NRRP M4.C2-
Investment 1.5 Establishing and Strengthening of Innovation Ecosystems for Sustainability (Rome
Technopole) under Project ECS00000024.

Conflicts of interest
Massaroni C is the guest editor of the special issue, while the other authors have declared that they have no
conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
This study was conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki’s guidelines and received approval
from the Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma’s Institutional Ethics Committee (09/19 OSS ComEt