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Wu et al. Soft Sci 2024;4:29 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.21 Page 7 of 22

Figure 3. Four design strategies of flexible and stretchable ECDs, including electrode pattern, electrolyte pattern, active layer pattern,
and ECD pixels (Reproduced with permission [87] . Copyright 2022, ACS Publications). ECDs: Electrochromic displays.

Figure 4. Recent advances in electrode pattern design. (A) A bistable ECD showing a QR code with laser-etched ITO-PET electrode.
[90]
Reproduced with permission . Copyright 2022, CCS Publications; (B) Schematic and photographs of the flexible chalcogenoviologens-
[85]
based display based on different etched patterns on ITO-PET electrodes. Reproduced with permission . Copyright 2021, Elsevier; (C)
[83]
A patterned ECD with the etched digital array on ultrathin flexible ITO-glass electrode. Reproduced with permission . Copyright 2023,
[54]
Wiley-VCH; (D) ECD based on the patterned AgNWs on the PDMS electrode. Reproduced with permission . Copyright 2014, ACS
Publications; (E) Schematic illustration of template-assisted methods with spray coating to fabricate patterned AgNWs/PEDOT:PSS-
[32]
PET electrode. Reproduced with permission . Copyright 2021, Elsevier. ECD: Electrochromic display; QR: Quick Response; ITO: indium
tin oxide; PET: polyethylene terephthalate; AgNWs: silver nanowires; PDMS: polydimethylsiloxane; PEDOT:PSS: poly(3,4-
ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate.