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Shin et al. Soft Sci 2024;4:22 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.03 Page 11 of 13

wearable technology and human-machine interfaces, opening new avenues for research and applications in
this rapidly evolving domain.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Conceived the concept and designed the experiments, wrote the manuscript: Shin D, Kim S, Sim K
Prepared materials and fabricated devices: Shin D, Kim S, Park H, Kim Y, Na M
Analyzed the materials: Shin D, Kim S, Park H, Kim D
Characterized the device performance and analyzed the data: Shin D, Kim S, Park H, Kim Y
Designed schematics of the devices: Park H, Na M
All authors reviewed and revised the paper.

Availability of data and materials
The data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.

Financial support and sponsorship
This work was supported by the research funds of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant
funded by the Korean Government (NRF-2021R1C1C1007714).

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
According to the Korea National Institute for Bioethics Policy, under the Human Subject Research Division,
enforcement rule article 13 states that research using only simple contact measuring equipment or
observation equipment that does not cause physical changes is exempt from IRB approval. Our work
involves simply placing the device on the skin, which does not physically affect humans. Therefore, we do
not require Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2024.

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