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Page 10 of 13 Shin et al. Soft Sci 2024;4:22 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.03

Figure 5. Skin-interfaced energy harvesting system consisting of a fully soft bridge rectifier. (A) An optical image of the skin-interfaced
energy harvesting system placed on a human hand; (B) Schematic exploded view of the skin-interfaced energy harvesting system; (C-E)
Time-dependent output voltage of the PENG (C), the PENG integrated with a bridge rectifier (D), and the PENG integrated with the
capacitor-equipped bridge rectifier by finger tapping (E). PENG: Piezoelectric nanogenerator; AC: alternating current.

a capacitor, yields a stable DC output from the PENG under finger tapping. These results indicate that fully
soft Schottky diodes, by efficiently converting mechanical into electrical energy and ensuring a stable/
consistent power supply, can be effectively employed in various skin-interfaced electronic systems that
require a power management system as an important integral component.

CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, the fully soft Schottky diode developed in this study demonstrates exceptional electrical
characteristics, making it highly suitable for various practical applications in skin-interfaced electronic
systems. Comprised entirely of soft electronic materials, this diode demonstrates not only remarkable
electrical performance but also exceptional mechanical durability. Unlike many previous works that relied
on complex components or labor-intensive fabrication processes, our device offers a streamlined, solution-
based process suitable to further all-printing fabrication techniques. This significant advancement addresses
key challenges in scalability and cost-efficiency in producing such devices. The fully soft Schottky diodes
maintain their electrical integrity even under mechanical strains and repeated stretching cycles, highlighting
their robustness. These characteristics enable the extension to fully soft rectifiers and logic gates, showing
considerable promise for developing wearable electronics through efficient AC to DC conversion and the
execution of Boolean operations. Moreover, successfully integrating these diodes with a PENG in a skin-
interfaced energy harvesting system further shows their versatility and capacity for powering electronic
devices. This innovation in fully soft electronics paves the way for the future development of advanced skin-
compatible electronic systems. This technology holds substantial potential to transform the fields of