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Page 20 of 38 Zhu et al. Soft Sci 2024;4:17 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.05

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Pressure GO-PVDF/BTO Piezoelectric NFs textiles + Piezoelectric fiber Piezoelectric Sp = 10.89 ± 0.5 mV·kPa 80~230 kPa - 8,500 [62]
PU substrate textiles
Strain* PANI coated rGO Filled-type FCPCs Resistive GF = -78 Max = 10% - 1,000 [40]
on textile substrate
Strain* CNTs/PDMS Interlocked microdome Resistive GF = 27.8 (0%-40%), Max = 120% 18/10 ms - [46]
array 1,084 (40%-90%),
9,617 (90%-120%)
Strain AgNW/DS on strain-engineered stretchable Patterned circuit Resistive GF = ~4.5 (0%~25%), 0%~68% - 1,000 [80]
substrate ~33 (25%~68%)
Strain Pre-stretching CNTs@TPU fiber felt Micro-cracks + micro- Resistive GF = 428.5 (0%~100%), 0%~300% 70/70 ms 10,000 [81]
contacts 9,268.8 (100%~220%),
83,982.8 (220%-300%)
Strain Vertical graphene on PDMS Micro-cracks Resistive GF > 5,000 0%~30% 200/100 ms 10,000 [82]
Strain Laser scribed graphene Micro-cracks Resistive GF = 11 (0%~2.5%), 0%~10% - 1,000 [83]
92 (2.5%~4.5%),
673 (4.5%~5%)
Strain PDMS/GO/PDMS Sandwich-type FCPCs + Resistive GF = 2,175.8 - - 1,000 [84]
micro-cracks
Strain NR-NR/CNT-NR Sandwich-type FCPCs + Resistive GF = 2,280 Max = 500% 21 ms 2,000 [85]
micro-cracks
Strain PDMS/GO/PDMS Sandwich-type FCPCs + Resistive GF = 1,054 Max = 26% - 500 [87]
micro-cracks
3+
2+
Strain Ti C Tx MXene/CSPMXPy-x/Fe +Cu Mxene filled-hydrogels Resistive GF = 4.64 Max > 300% - 100 [90]
3 2
hydrogels
Strain SN-PAAM hydrogels Conductive hydrogels Resistive GF = 1.62~2.46 Max = 1,836% 120~130 ms 200 [91]
Strain PVA/NaCl hydrogels Conductive hydrogels Resistive GF < 2.1 0.5%~100% - 200 [93]
Strain PU-IL ionogels Conductive ionogels Resistive GF = 1.54 0.1%~300% - 1,000 [100]
Strain* PPBN-hydrogel Conductive hydrogels Resistive GF = 18.28 6%~268.9% - 1,000 [122]
Strain* ILs/TPU ionogel fiber Conductive ionogel fiber Resistive GF = 3.35 0.05%~700% 170/120 ms 2,000 [123]
Strain* TPU/MXene/AgNWs-TPU- Two filled-type FCPCs Capacitive GF = 1.21 0%~150% 210/280 ms 2,000 [73]
TPU/MXene/AgNWs sandwiched a dielectric
layer
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Shear* CNTs/PDMS-Ni electrodes/resistor array/PI Pressure sensor array Resistive Ss = 36.137 N 0-1.5 N - - [106]
dielectric/Ni electrodes
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Shear* Carbon fabric + CIP/PDMS flagella array + Parallel plate + Capacitive Ss = 0.0752 N 0.015~1.3 N - - [103]
carbon fabric unilateral flagella array (0.015~0.50 N),
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0.0177 N
(0.50-1.30 N)