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Ma et al. Soft Sci 2024;4:26 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.20 Page 29 of 34

MXene composites holds the potential to enhance the performance of the sensing system by capitalizing on
the expansive effective triboelectric areas within TENGs, increased electrochemically active sites for
electronic charge storage in MSCAs, as well as improved gas molecule adsorption sites and charge transfer
processes for gas sensing. Besides, the island-bridge architecture design enabled the system to work under
complex mechanical deformations on human skin or clothing. The standalone system achieved wireless,
real-time, and continuous monitoring of the exhaled breath flow of the human subject, driven by the
integrated self-charging power unit.

Moreover, the island-bridge architecture design of the system enables its functionality even under intricate
mechanical deformations when applied to human skin or clothing. The standalone system accomplished
wireless and real-time detection of the exhaled breath flow of human subjects, facilitated by the integrated
self-charging power units. Typical LIG-based fully standalone systems for intelligent healthcare are
summarized in Table 7.

CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK
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Here, we showcase an overview of the recent developments of LIGS E, including preparation methods,
device regulation strategies, and various applications in intelligent healthcare. Although they have achieved
rapid and booming advances, the LIGS E still faces potential challenges in practical applications in
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intelligent health management.

Firstly, more attention is required on the LIG and device preparation. Though the conductivity of the LIG
has improved, it is still far from that of traditional electrodes. Thus, the conductivity and uniformity of LIG
should be enhanced, facilitating the development of large-scale soft skin electronics and the integration with
commercial MEMS modules. Profited from the facile preparation methods, the soft skin electronics with
multiple sensing modes is a promising direction. However, achieving precise decoupling and low crosstalk
among sensing elements is still an urgent challenge [93,125] .

Then, the degree of intelligence needs to be enhanced, from hardware to software. Integrating multiple
sensing modes, wireless modulus, alarm elements, embedded algorithms, and the Internet of Things (IoT)
turns the devices into fully standalone systems as intelligent patches. This will establish solid remote
monitoring and timely feedback between users and doctors/hospitals. As for the software, artificial
intelligence (such as machine learning, deep learning, etc.) can facilitate data processing and overall
performance enhancement, especially for classification or diagnostics. In addition, suitable algorithm
selection can achieve a balance between sample size and calculation accuracy. The introduction of artificial
intelligence further facilitates the achievement of intelligent healthcare.

Due to the terminal objectives of soft skin electronics and intelligent healthcare in clinical application,
several essential points must be considered. The skin-interfaced devices should be comfortable, lightweight,
and have high integration. The device’s accuracy must be compared to clinical “standard” equipment/
machines. Finally, the performance of the devices should be assessed with extensive clinical cases,
improving their practical application capability.

We believe these challenges will be solved well with the endless efforts of scientists from different
disciplines, including materials/chemistry, MEMS, mechanics, biology, and computer engineering. The
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high-performance and cost-effective LIGS E will give intelligent healthcare a promising prospect, especially
for low-income regions.