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Wang. Soft Sci 2024;4:5 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.44 Page 3 of 9

Figure 1. Recent representative examples of advanced epidermal electrodes (2017-2023). Material examples: (A) conductive polymer
and ionic liquids [18] ; (B) liquid metals [19] ; (C) supramolecular elastomer [20] ; (D) low dimensional nanomaterials [21] ; and (E) hydrogels [22] .
Property examples: (F) ultrathinness and gas-permeability [50] ; (G) biocompatibility and stretchability [53] ; (H) self-adhesiveness [44] ; (I)
ultra-conformability [13] ; and (J) biodegradability [62] . Application examples: (K) HMIs [55] ; (L) wireless health monitoring [18] ; (M) HMIs [70] ;
(N) adaptable wearable system [71] ; and (O) muscle theranostic [21] . Figure 1A adapted with permission from ref. [18] . Copyright 2023
Elsevier; Figure 1B adapted with permission from ref. [19] . Copyright 2022 American Chemical Society; Figure 1C adapted with permission
from ref. [20] . Copyright 2023 John Wiley and Sons; Figure 1D adapted with permission from ref. [21] . Copyright 2022 American Chemical
Society; Figure 1E adapted with permission from ref. [22] . Copyright 2022 Springer Nature; Figure 1F adapted with permission from ref. [50] .
Copyright 2017 Springer Nature; Figure 1G adapted with permission from ref. [53] . Copyright 2021 Springer Nature; Figure 1H adapted with
permission from ref. [44] . Copyright 2021 National Academy of Sciences; Figure 1I adapted with permission from ref. [13] . Copyright 2020
Springer Nature; Figure 1J adapted with permission from ref. [62] . Copyright 2023 John Wiley and Sons; Figure 1K adapted with permission
from ref. [55] . Copyright 2022 American Association for the Advancement of Science; Figure 1L adapted with permission from ref. [18] .
Copyright 2023 Elsevier; Figure 1M adapted with permission from ref. [70] . Copyright 2020 John Wiley and Sons; Figure 1N adapted with
permission from ref. [71] . Copyright 2023 American Chemical Society; Figure 1O adapted with permission from ref. [21] . Copyright 2022
American Chemical Society. EG: Ethylene glycol; HMIs: human-machine interfaces; LiTFSI: bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide lithium
salt; PEDOT: poly(ethylenedioxythiophene); PSS: poly(styrenesulfonate).

PROPERTIES
Depending on the target applications, different materials and structures are chosen to obtain the desired
properties. Regardless of the type of application, the basic requirements of epidermal electrodes comprise