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Wang. Soft Sci 2024;4:5 Soft Science
DOI: 10.20517/ss.2023.44

Perspective Open Access

Emerging epidermal electrodes towards digital

health and on-skin digitalization

Yan Wang 1,2,3,4,*
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China.
2
The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
3
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion, Guangdong Technion - Israel
Institute of Technology, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China.
4
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Health and Medicine, Guangdong Technion - Israel
Institute of Technology, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China.
* Correspondence to: Prof. Yan Wang, Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of
Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China. E-mail: yan.wang@gtiit.edu.cn
How to cite this article: Wang Y. Emerging epidermal electrodes towards digital health and on-skin digitalization. Soft Sci
2024;4:5. https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.44

Received: 3 Sep 2023 First Decision: 19 Oct 2023 Revised: 22 Oct 2023 Accepted: 31 Oct 2023 Published: 11 Jan 2024

Academic Editor: Chuanfei Guo Copy Editor: Dong-Li Li Production Editor: Dong-Li Li

Abstract
Epidermal electrodes can be directly attached to the human skin for high-fidelity electrophysiological monitoring
owing to their preponderance in thinness, lightweight, conformability, biocompatibility, self-adhesiveness,
mechanical flexibility, gas-permeability, etc. These devices have attracted immense attention due to their emerging
applications in personalized health care, human/brain-machine interfaces, and soft robotics. This Perspective
focuses on the most recent significant progress in this area, especially materials, properties, and applications.
Challenges and prospects are summarized to underscore the unexploited areas and future directions toward digital
health and on-skin digitalization.

Keywords: Epidermal electrodes, ultrathinness, ultra-conformability, electrophysiology, digital health, on-skin
digitalization

INTRODUCTION
Epidermal electrodes have seen tremendous developments in the last two decades, both in materials and
structures and prominent applications, such as health monitoring, diagnosis and therapy, human/brain-

© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
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