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Page 18 of 34 Ma et al. Soft Sci 2024;4:26 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.20

Figure 9. Machine learning-assisted LIG-based biophysical skin electronics for intelligent healthcare. (A) Schematic illustrating the
structure of LIG-based TENG tactile sensor; (B) Working principles of the tactile sensor; (C) Classification results of ten braille
numbers. Reproduced with permission [101] . Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH GmbH; (D) Illustration of the fabrication process of the self-
powered flexible sensor; (E) Current outputs of flexible pressure sensor while speaking three different sentences; (F) Confusion matrix
of the machine learning outcome. Reproduced with permission [102] . Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society; (G) Optical
photograph of intelligent pulse sensor attached on wrist arterial site; (H) Working mechanism of the intelligent pulse sensor; (I)
[3]
Classification results of three different CVD events. Reproduced with permission . Copyright 2023, Cell Press. LIG: Laser-induced-
graphene; TENG: triboelectric nanogenerator; CVD: cardiovascular disease.

As a conducting polymer, PEDOT exhibited several advantages, including high electrical conductivity, low
oxidation potential, remarkable electrochemical activity, outstanding stability, and splendid
biocompatibility. It often was deposited with highly porous, fractal-type microstructures with large surface
areas. Xu et al. developed a highly selective electrochemical sensor based on a PEDOT-modified LIG
electrode for dopamine (DA) detection [Figure 10C] . The electrodeposition of PEDOT onto the porous
[75]
LIG electrodes resulted in the formation of PEDOT@LIG electrodes, which exhibited a 3D porous
morphology characterized by a larger surface area and roughness compared to the parent LIG electrodes.
Due to enhanced electron transfer responses, PEDOT electrodes are valuable in electrochemical sensors. As
expected, the PEDOT@LIG sensor showcased a noteworthy performance improvement compared to parent
LIG electrodes [Figure 10D].