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Ma et al. Soft Sci 2024;4:26 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.20 Page 13 of 34

Table 1. Summary of typical LIG-based single-mode biophysical sensors for healthcare
LIG composites (role)/substrate Signals Sensitivity Working range Ref.
LIG (S)/PI Pressure 1.23 × 10 -3 0-20 MPa [60]
LIG foam (S)/PDMS Pressure GF: 40 0%-20% [36]
-1
LIG (S)/PS@PU Pressure 2,048 kPa 0-100 kPa [38]
LIG (S)/PI Pressure 1.37 kPa -1 0-80 kPa [93]
LIG/PI Strain GF: 20 0%-1% [37]
LIG/PI Strain GF: 14.1 0%-1.2% [84]
LIG/PI Strain GF: 11.2 0%-1.4% [77]
LIG/PI Strain GF: 112 0%-1.5% [85]
LIG/PI Strain GF: 40 0%-0.25% [42]
LIG/PI Strain GF: 316.3 0%-10% [44]
LIG/PI-PDMS Strain GF: 75 0%-10% [81]
LIG/PSPI-PDMS Strain GF: 380 0%-120% [82]
LIG/PI/Ecoflex Strain GF: ~1.3 0%-135% [41]
LIG/PDMS Strain GF: 2,336 0%-3% [3]
Graphene/PVA Strain GF: 1.33 0%-4% [86]
LIG/PDMS Strain GF: 950 0%-30% [45]
LIG/PDMS Strain GF: 160 0%-30% [87]
LIG/PDMS sponge Strain GF: 1.3 0%-60% [83]
Strain GF: 0.006 0%-1,000%
LIG/PDMS Strain GF: 2,212.5 0%-65% [58]
LIG/PDMS Strain GF: 5 0%-100% [68]
MXene@EDOT/LIG-SEBS Strain GF: 2,075 0%-27% [74]
LIG/Ecoflex Strain GF: 114.8 0%-50% [88]
rGO-LIG/Ecoflex Strain GF: 2,425 0%-115% [89]
LIG/MPU Strain GF: 40 0%-100% [34]
LIG/PPH/PDMS Strain GF: 30 0%-220% [27]
-1
LIG/PI Temperature 0.00142 °C -10-60 °C [35]
-3
LIG/paper Temperature -2.8 × 10 °C 10-60 °C [91]
-1
LIG/PI Temperature 0.0011 °C 20-60 °C [94]
LIG (E)/PI Humidity 3,215.25 pF/% RH 10%-90% RH [38]
LIG (E)/PEEK Humidity 1,700 kΩ/% RH 11%-97% RH [95]
LIG (E)/PI Humidity 28,231-fold increase in current 26.1%-90.2% RH [96]
LIG (E)/MPU EMG 10-30 dB - [34]
LIG (E)/PEIE-PDMS ECG >30 dB - [59]
LIG (E)/PDMS sponge ECG ~21.6 dB - [83]

LIG: Laser-induced-graphene; PI: polyimides; PDMS: polydimethylsiloxane; GF: gauge factor; PS: Polystyrene; PU: polyurethane; PSPI:
photosensitive polyimides; PVA: polyvinyl alcohol; EDOT: 3, 4-ethylene dioxythiophene; SEBS: polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-
block-polystyrene; rGO: reduced graphene oxide; MPU: medical polyurethane film; PPH: polyvinyl alcohol-phytic acid-honey; RH: relative
humidity; PEEK: poly (ether ether ketone); EMG: electromyography; PEIE: ethoxylated polyethylenimine; ECG: electrocardiography.

high-quality ECG signals when adhered to the human skin surface, which were quantitatively comparable to
those recorded with the conventional Ag/AgCl gel electrodes. The magnified ECG signals exhibited visible
P-wave, QRS complex, and T-wave [Figure 7G], validating the proposed device’s high performance. Typical
LIG-based single-mode biophysical sensors for healthcare are summarized in Table 1.

LIG-based skin electronics for multiple biophysical signals detection
Multiple biophysical signal collection can increase the diagnostic accuracy of healthy status. Motivated by
2
this objective, researchers have further attempted to develop various multimodal LIGS E for multiple