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Nagwade et al. Soft Sci 2023;3:24 Soft Science
DOI: 10.20517/ss.2023.12

Review Article Open Access

Prospects of soft biopotential interfaces for

wearable human-machine interactive devices and
applications

Pritish Nagwade, Samira Parandeh, Sanghoon Lee *

Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988,
Republic of Korea.
* Correspondence to: Dr. Sanghoon Lee, Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, DGIST, 333 Techno Jungang-
daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea. E-mail: hooonw@dgist.ac.kr
How to cite this article: Nagwade P, Parandeh S, Lee S. Prospects of soft biopotential interfaces for wearable human-machine
interactive devices and applications. Soft Sci 2023;3:24. https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.12

Received: 28 Feb 2023 First Decision: 10 Apr 2023 Revised: 26 May 2023 Accepted: 12 Jun 2023 Published: 11 Jul 2023
Academic Editors: Chengkuo Lee, Tianyiyi He, Chuan Fei Guo Copy Editor: Lin He Production Editor: Lin He

Abstract
Human interaction with machines can be made easy, comfortable, and accessible by introducing user-friendly
interfaces. In the case of wearable devices, their sensors and other interfacing elements are very well within the
proximity of users. Since biopotential signals can be accessed from the surface of the human skin, users can have
seamless interaction with wearable human-computer interactive devices. Rigid interfaces can hinder the user
experience, and therefore, the need for soft biopotential interfaces is important. Imperceptible and unobtrusive soft
biopotential interfaces will drastically enhance many aspects of human-computer interaction. This paper reviews
the use of soft, flexible, and stretchable biopotential interfaces in wearable human-machine interactive devices.
Additionally, attention is brought to the scope of other possible applications of soft biopotential interfaces in
wearable devices.

Keywords: Biopotential, soft interface, wearable, interface, human-machine interface (HMI), human-computer
interaction (HCI)

INTRODUCTION
Human-machine interface (HMI), in layman’s terms, is an interactive system designed to allow
[1]
communication between humans and machines . Since the dawn of human-computer interaction (HCI)

© The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
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