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Figure 6. On-body performance of the soft wearable multiplex biosensor for real-time sweat analysis. (A) The wearable biosensor
patched onto the volunteer’s arm prior to exercise, showing the initial colors: blue for the urea and lactate sensors, and green for the
glucose sensor; (B) Initial λ PBG of 430, 432, and 502 nm for the urea, lactate, and glucose sensors, respectively; (C) After 30 min of
exercise, the biosensor is fully saturated with sweat, with all sensors shifting to a mint green color; (D) The measured Δλ PBG of 31, 34,
and 16 nm for urea, lactate, and glucose sensors, respectively, corresponding to concentrations of 12.83 mM urea, 13.1 mM lactate, and
0.39 mM glucose, confirming the healthy status of the volunteer.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Conceptualization: Hussain, S.; Zourob, M.
Methodology, original draft preparation, and writing: Hussain, S.; Ramadan, Q.; Zourob, M.
Provided administrative, technical, and material support: Zourob, M.
Data analysis: Hussain, S.; Zourob, M.
Conceptualization, funding acquisition, project administration, resources, supervision and writing, review
and editing: Hussain, S.; Ramadan, Q.; Zourob, M.
Funding acquisition, Zourob, M.

Availability of data and materials
The data supporting the findings of this study are available within this Article and its Supplementary
Materials. Further data are available from the corresponding authors upon request.

Financial support and sponsorship
This work was supported by the Saudi Ministry of Health under project number 1276.