Page 114 - Read Online
P. 114
Hussain et al. Soft Sci. 2025, 5, 21 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2025.02 Page 17 of 19
Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval and consent to participate
Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Alfaisal University
[HA-01-R-058], and written informed consent was obtained from all patients.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2025.
REFERENCES
1. Renbourn, E. T. The history of sweat and the sweat rash from earliest times to the end of the 18th century. J. Hist. Med. Allied. Sci.
1959, 14, 202-27. DOI PubMed
2. Renbourn, E. T. The natural history of insensible perspiration: a forgotten doctrine of health and disease. Med. Hist. 1960, 4, 135-52.
DOI PubMed PMC
3. El-Radhi AS. History of fever. In Clinical Manual of Fever in Children, Springer, Cham, 2018; pp. 287-97. DOI
4. Baker, L. B.; Wolfe, A. S. Physiological mechanisms determining eccrine sweat composition. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2020, 120, 719-52.
DOI PubMed PMC
5. Polychronopoulou, E.; Braconnier, P.; Burnier, M. New insights on the role of sodium in the physiological regulation of blood pressure
and development of hypertension. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 2019, 6, 136. DOI PubMed PMC
6. Yuan, X.; Li, C.; Yin, X.; et al. Epidermal wearable biosensors for monitoring biomarkers of chronic disease in sweat. Biosensors
2023, 13, 313. DOI PubMed PMC
7. Davis, P. B. Cystic fibrosis since 1938. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med. 2006, 173, 475-82. DOI PubMed
8. Mattar, A. C.; Leone, C.; Rodrigues, J. C.; Adde, F. V. Sweat conductivity: an accurate diagnostic test for cystic fibrosis? J. Cyst.
Fibros. 2014, 13, 528-33. DOI
9. Collie, J. T.; Massie, R. J.; Jones, O. A.; LeGrys, V. A.; Greaves, R. F. Sixty-five years since the New York heat wave: advances in
sweat testing for cystic fibrosis. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2014, 49, 106-17. DOI PubMed
10. Farrell, P. M.; White, T. B.; Derichs, N.; Castellani, C.; Rosenstein, B. J. Cystic fibrosis diagnostic challenges over 4 decades:
historical perspectives and lessons learned. J. Pediatr. 2017, 181S, S16-26. DOI
11. Hussain, J. N.; Mantri, N.; Cohen, M. M. Working up a good sweat - the challenges of standardising sweat collection for metabolomics
analysis. Clin. Biochem. Rev. 2017, 38, 13-34. PubMed PMC
12. Yeung, K. K.; Huang, T.; Hua, Y.; Zhang, K.; Yuen, M. M. F.; Gao, Z. Recent advances in electrochemical sensors for wearable sweat
monitoring: a review. IEEE. Sensors. J. 2021, 21, 14522-39. DOI
13. Chung, M.; Fortunato, G.; Radacsi, N. Wearable flexible sweat sensors for healthcare monitoring: a review. J. R. Soc. Interface. 2019,
16, 20190217. DOI PubMed PMC
14. Huestis, M. A.; Oyler, J. M.; Cone, E. J.; Wstadik, A. T.; Schoendorfer, D.; Joseph, R. E. J. Sweat testing for cocaine, codeine and
metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B. Biomed. Sci. Appl. 1999, 733, 247-64. DOI PubMed
15. Gao, W.; Brooks, G. A.; Klonoff, D. C. Wearable physiological systems and technologies for metabolic monitoring. J. Appl. Physiol.
2018, 124, 548-56. DOI PubMed
16. Xu, J.; Fang, Y.; Chen, J. Wearable biosensors for non-invasive sweat diagnostics. Biosensors 2021, 11, 245. DOI PubMed PMC
17. Taylor, J. R.; Watson, I. D.; Tames, F. J.; Lowe, D. Detection of drug use in a methadone maintenance clinic: sweat patches versus
urine testing. Addiction 1998, 93, 847-53. DOI
18. Kintz, P.; Tracqui, A.; Mangin, P.; Edel, Y. Sweat testing in opioid users with a sweat patch. J. Anal. Toxicol. 1996, 20, 393-7. DOI
19. De Giovanni N, Fucci N. The current status of sweat testing for drugs of abuse: a review. Curr. Med. Chem. 2013, 20, 545-61. DOI
PubMed
20. Bariya, M.; Nyein, H. Y. Y.; Javey, A. Wearable sweat sensors. Nat. Electron. 2018, 1, 160-71. DOI
21. Currano, L. J.; Sage, F. C.; Hagedon, M.; Hamilton, L.; Patrone, J.; Gerasopoulos, K. Wearable sensor system for detection of lactate
in sweat. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 15890. DOI PubMed PMC
22. Brothers, M. C.; DeBrosse, M.; Grigsby, C. C.; et al. Achievements and challenges for real-time sensing of analytes in sweat within
wearable platforms. Acc. Chem. Res. 2019, 52, 297-306. DOI
23. Childs, A.; Mayol, B.; Lasalde-Ramírez, J. A.; Song, Y.; Sempionatto, J. R.; Gao, W. Diving into sweat: advances, challenges, and
future directions in wearable sweat sensing. ACS. Nano. 2024, 18, 24605-16. DOI PubMed
24. Ma, S.; Wan, Z.; Wang, C.; et al. Ultra-sensitive and stable multiplexed biosensors array in fully printed and integrated platforms for

