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Kim et al. Soft Sci 2023;3:16 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.07 Page 15 of 30

Figure 7. (A) 3D wireless macroflier for measuring fine dust pollution through light dosimetry. (Reproduced with permission from
[201] ©
Ref. . Copyright 2021. Springer Nature); (B) indirect 3D printed strain sensor with porous lattice architecture for motion monitoring.
[204] ©
(Reproduced with permission from Ref. . Copyright 2021. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim); (C)
[205]
electromechanical sensor array for measuring the spatial distribution of external loads. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. .
©
Copyright 2019. American Chemical Society); (D) micro-origami magnetic sensor array composed of self-folded polymer cube.
[206] ©
(Reproduced with permission from Ref. . Copyright 2022. Springer Nature); (E) hemispherical device with 24 flexible pressure
[207] ©
sensors for wind-sensing systems. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. . Copyright 2022. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.
KGaA, Weinheim); (F) convex hemispherical-shaped device with stretchable photodetector array. (Reproduced with permission from
©
Ref. [208] . Copyright 2020. American Association for the Advancement of Science); (G) 3D mechanically reliable vibration sensor
©
capable of withstanding prolonged fatigue life. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [209] . Copyright 2021. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH
& Co. KGaA, Weinheim); (H) 3D printed network of the horseshoe-shaped microstructure array for pressure sensing. (Reproduced with
©
permission from Ref. [210] . Copyright 2021. American Chemical Society).
conformability, strain-insensitive electrical properties, and cyclic stability.
Actuators
Actuators, which can perform specific tasks by mimicking behaviors or methods that organisms use to
adapt to the environment, are attracting considerable attention for their applicability in many fields, from
tools for surgery to transport machines for moving objects . The introduction of precisely controlled
[212]
[211]
3D structure formation methods, including mechanical buckling, origami, kirigami, and 3D printing
methods, into actuator manufacturing enables the implementation of actuators with complex 3D layouts
beyond simple structures such as spheres, tubes, rods, and arcs. It has also been reported that these 3D
actuators can achieve unique movement and behaviors, including bending, crawling, walking, and rotation,
without space constraints [213,214] , and the integration with soft materials can improve the performance