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mass media have made aesthetic rhinoplasty one of the dorsal hump, supratip nasal deformity, septal deviation, and
most frequently requested aesthetic operations worldwide. dorsal irregularities. No congenital deformities were present
Aesthetic rhinoplasty carries tremendous potential for in the cases. Secondary rhinoplasty patients were excluded
contouring, improving harmony, and improving the given the greater risk of issues with self-esteem and body
proportions of a patient’s facial aesthetics, but patients image. Those with both functional and aesthetic complaints
occasionally demand too much of the rhinoplasty procedure. (n = 7) were asked about their main objective and were
categorized accordingly.
Aesthetic plastic surgery deals with the psychosocial
problems of patients in addition to their medical condition. In Measures
the past several decades, researchers have begun to explore Demographics
the psychology underlying cosmetic surgeries. This aspect A questionnaire consisting of information about the patient’s
of cosmetic surgeries has two major aspects, the surgeons’ age, gender, marital status, educational background, and
viewpoints and the patients’ points of view. The opinions subjective socio-economic status (SES) was used as the
of surgeons on this subject vary and have not been studied demographic questionnaire.
comprehensively. For patients, the strongest motivation
for undergoing cosmetic surgery is body dissatisfaction, Rosenberg Self- Esteem Scale
as their physical appearance constitutes an important part Global self-esteem was measured by the Rosenberg Self-
of their self-esteem. Body image refers to the way people Esteem Scale which contains 10 items to be scored on a
[18]
[9]
perceive their bodily appearance and consists of several four-point Likert scale. Higher scores correspond to more
[10]
[11]
components. Sarwer et al. introduced a theoretical model of positive levels of self-esteem. Scores can range between 10
the association between body image and aesthetic surgery in and 40, with scores below 21 indicating low self-esteem.
[19]
which the two basic parts of body image, valence and body Response options were provided ranging from “strongly
image value, play a crucial role. Body image valence refers to disagree” to “strongly agree” and were coded from 1 to 4.
[12]
the importance of body image to one’s self-esteem, whereas Therefore, the maximum and minimum scores were 40 and
body image value describes the extent to which one is satisfied 10 respectively. Cronbach’s alpha in the current study was
with her/his physical appearance. According to this model, 0.86.
those whose self-esteem highly depends on their appearance
and those who have significant body dissatisfaction levels will Procedure
consider cosmetic surgery. All participants from both groups completed the
questionnaires preoperatively. Informed consent letters
Self-esteem is one of the psychological aspects of aesthetic were also collected prior to administration of tests.
surgery which has received increased attention in the past
[13]
few decades. Self-esteem refers to how much people value Statistical analysis
or accept themselves for whom and what they are. It has Data entry and analysis were performed in a blinded fashion
also been defined as one’s attitude towards oneself or one’s by personnel who were not involved in the process of data
opinion or evaluation of oneself, which may be positive, collection. All tests were 1-tailed due to the hypothesis and P
[14]
neutral, or negative. It has been shown that satisfaction < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Additionally,
with one’s own appearance (positive body image) and Levene’s test was performed for assessment of equality of
self-esteem are relatively strongly correlated, especially in variances. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical
women. Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software.
[15]
Empirical studies support the notion that aesthetic RESULTS
rhinoplasty patients show low levels of self-esteem. [16,17]
This study aimed to compare the mean score of self-esteem Twenty-one patients seeking aesthetic rhinoplasty and 21
between aesthetic rhinoplasty candidates as cases and patients seeking functional rhinoplasty participated in this
functional rhinoplasty patients as the control group. study. The mean age in the functional rhinoplasty group was
27.48 years (SD = 10.40) and that of the aesthetic rhinoplasty
METHODS group was 25.57 years (SD = 7.06). No significant difference
was observed between means (P > 0.05). The demographic
Participants information is summarized in Table 1.
A total of 42 surgical patients (28 females and 14 males)
were recruited for this study using the convenience sampling Using the t-test for independent groups, analysis of the
method from a surgical clinic in Tehran, Iran. All patients data demonstrated that the mean self-esteem score in the
had been scheduled to undergo plastic surgery in winter aesthetic surgery group was significantly lower than that
2012. Approval from the ethics committee of the Rhinology of the functional surgery group (P < 0.01). Age, gender,
Research Society and Tehran University of Medical Sciences SES, and educational backgrounds were analyzed and no
and informed consent were obtained. Twenty-one patients significant differences were found between the two groups
who needed functional rhinoplasty surgery were recruited (P > 0.05). Moreover, the Levene’s test for equality of
as the control group while 21 cases of aesthetic rhinoplasty variances was not significant (P > 0.05). Independent t-test
were included as the study group. The deformities included: details are presented in Table 2.
112 Plast Aesthet Res || Volume 3 || April 25, 2016