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Table 1. Demographic characteristics of cases and controls
Characteristics Aesthetic rhinoplasty patients Functional rhinoplasty patients
n (%) 21 (50%) 21 (50%)
Mean age 25.27 27.48
Gender
Male 5 9
Female 16 12
Marital status
Single 11 14
Married 9 6
Separated 1 1
Educational level
Low 9 8
Medium 11 12
High 1 1
Socio-Economic Status
Low 2 3
Medium 15 15
High 4 3

patients. [23,24] This study also supports the notion that an
Table 2. Independent t-test details between aesthetic and interest in aesthetic rhinoplasty is associated with a negative
functional groups body image. [25]
Group Mean SD t-test statistic P value Cohen’s d
Aesthetic 29.667 3.954 3.911 P < 0.01 1.04
Functional 34.095 3.360 The present study shows that aesthetic rhinoplasty
patients are more likely to have low levels of self-esteem.
DISCUSSION Some limitations of the study are worth noting. First, the
utilized instrument could have been more comprehensive
The objective of this study was to compare self-esteem by including more aspects of self-esteem. Second, two
between candidates applying for aesthetic rhinoplasty and patients in the aesthetic group showed extremely low levels
patients seeking functional nasal surgery. Both groups were of self-esteem, which lowered this group’s mean score. It is
evaluated for other variables including age, gender, SES, and recommended for future research to evaluate the differences
education, and no significant differences were found. using various psychometric instruments by more accurate
sampling methods.
Findings from statistical analyses suggest that cosmetic
rhinoplasty candidates have lower levels of self-esteem in In conclusion, the current findings indicate that evaluation
comparison with functional patients. Results are consistent of the psychological condition of aesthetic rhinoplasty
with prior studies suggesting that aesthetic rhinoplasty candidates is of great value. Therefore, cosmetic surgeons
[26]
patients have lower scores in self-esteem and body-image might screen patients with psychometric instruments
measures. [16,17] It has also been reported that women with and/or consider cooperating with psychologists. Moreover,
higher self-esteem have less interest in cosmetic surgery, cosmetic surgeons can gain skills to recognize potential
and that a negative body-image is associated with lower psychologically problematic patients. In this respect, it
self-esteem. Results of the present study are in line with is crucial for cosmetic surgeons to be familiar with the
[9]
these findings. The magnitude of effect size in the present psychology of cosmetic surgery and related disorders.
study shows that there is a clinically meaningful difference
in self-esteem between aesthetic rhinoplasty patients and Financial support and sponsorship
functional rhinoplasty patients. Nil.

The findings of the present study are limited to behavioral Conflicts of interest
manifestations prior to surgery. Other studies have There are no conflicts of interest.
evaluated the long-term outcomes of cosmetic surgery, and
have demonstrated that aesthetic surgery can statistically REFERENCES
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Plast Aesthet Res || Volume 3 || April 25, 2016 113