Page 62 - Read Online
P. 62

Alhazzani et al. Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 2018;5:8  I  http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2347-8659.2017.55           Page 9 of 10

               Conflicts of interest
               There are no conflicts of interest.


               Patient consent
               Consent has been obtained from all participants prior to interviewing. Participants’ confidentiality and
               anonymity were fully secured.

               Ethics approval
               The ethical approval for conducting this study was obtained from Head of Research Ethics Committee (HA-
               06-B-001) in King Khalid University (REC) # 2016-08-23.

               Copyright
               © The Author(s) 2018.


               REFERENCES
               1.   Hafler DA. Multiple sclerosis. J Clin Invest 2004;113:788-94.
               2.   Tekin M, Acar GO, Cam OH, Hanege FM. Sudden sensorineural hearing loss in a multiple sclerosis case. North Clin Istanb 2014;1:109-13.
               3.   Houtchens MK, Lublin FD, Miller AE, Khoury SJ. Multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory demyelination disease of the central
                   nervous system. In: Daroff R, Fenichel G, Jankovic J, Mazziotta J, editors. Bradley’s neurology in clinical practice. Vol 2. 6th ed.
                   Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2012. p. 1291-2.
               4.   Polman CH, Reingold SC, Banwell B, Clanet M, Cohen JA, Filippi M, Fujihara K, Havrdova E, Hutchinson M, Kappos L, Lublin FD,
                   Montalban X, O’Connor P, Sandberg-Wollheim M, Thompson AJ, Waubant E, Weinshenker B, Wolinsky JS. Diagnostic criteria for
                   multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria. Ann Neurol 2011;69:292-302.
               5.   Confavreux C, Vukusic S, Moreau T, Adeleine P. Relapses and progression of disability in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med
                   2000;343:1430-8.
               6.   Hauser SL, Oksenberg JR. The neurobiology of multiple sclerosis: genes, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. Neuron 2006;52:61-76.
               7.   Bohlega S, Inshasi J, Al Tahan AR, Madani AB, Qahtani H, Rieckmann P. Multiple sclerosis in the Arabian Gulf countries: a consensus
                   statement. J Neurol 2013;260:2959-63.
               8.   Yaqub BA, Daif AK. Multiple sclerosis in Saudi Arabia. Neurology 1988;38:621-3.
               9.   Jumah MAA. Genetics of MS in Saudi Arabia. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2014;3:743-4.
               10.  Siegert RJ, Abernethy DA. Depression in multiple sclerosis: a review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76:469-75.
               11.   Gold SM, Kern KC, O’Connor MF, Montag MJ, Kim A, Yoo YS, Giesser BS, Sicotte NL. Smaller cornu ammonis 2-3/dentate gyrus
                   volumes and elevated cortisol in multiple sclerosis patients with depressive symptoms. Biol Psychiatry 2010;68:553-9.
               12.   Lobentanz IS, Asenbaum S, Vass K, Sauter C, Klösch G, Kollegger H, Kristoferitsch W, Zeitlhofer J. Factors influencing quality of life
                   in multiple sclerosis patients: disability, depressive mood, fatigue and sleep quality. Acta Neurol Scand 2004;110:6-13.
               13.   Fruehwald S, Loeffler-Stastka H, Eher R, Saletu B, Baumhackl U. Depression and quality of life in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol
                   Scand 2001;104:257-61.
               14.   The Saudi Arabian National Multiple Sclerosis Registry (NMSR): Initial Results Saudi MS Registry Study Group. Al-Jumah M, Bunyan
                   R, Al Otaibi H, Cupler E, Ishak S, Shami S, Karim A, Kalakatawi M, Al Towaijri G, Al Mejally M, Al Gahtani H, Alrajeh S, Almubarak
                   A, Alawi S, Qureshi S, Almalki A, Alhazzani A, Noor AM, Althubaiti I, Alzahrani N, Alsaeedi J. Available from: https://submissions.
                   mirasmart.com/Verify/AAN2018/submission/temp/radC1DF7.pdf [Last accessed on 2 Mar 2018]
               15.   Learmonth YC, Mot RW, Sandroff BM, Pula JH, Cadavid D. Validation of patient determined disease steps (PDDS) scale scores in
                   persons with multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurol 2013;13:37.
               16.   Kurtzke JF. Neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis and the disability status scale. Acta Neurol Scand 1970;46:493-512.
               17.   Gulick EE, Namey M, Halper J. Monitoring my multiple sclerosis: a patient- administered health-assessment scale. Int J MS Care
                   2011;13:137-45.
               18.   Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 2001;16:606-13.
               19.   Kister I, Chamot E, Salter AR, Cutter GR, Bacon TE, Herbert J. Disability in multiple sclerosis: a reference for patients and clinicians.
                   Neurology 2013;80:1018-24.
               20.   Kingwell E, Marriott JJ, Jetté N, Pringsheim T, Makhani N, Morrow SA, Fisk JD, Evans C, Béland SG, Kulaga S, Dykeman J, Wolfson C,
                   Koch MW, Marrie RA. Incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Europe: a systematic review. BMC Neurol 2013;13:128 .
               21.   Van de Velde S, Bracke P, Levecque K. Gender differences in depression in 23 European countries. Cross-national variation in the
                   gender gap in depression. Soc Sci Med 2010;71:305-13.
               22.   Andrade L, Caraveo-Anduaga JJ, Berglund P, Bijl RV, De Graaf R, Vollebergh W, Dragomirecka E, Kohn R, Keller M, Kessler
                   RC, Kawakami N, Kiliç C, Offord D, Ustun TB, Wittchen HU. The epidemiology of major depressive episodes: results from the
   57   58   59   60   61   62   63   64   65   66   67