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Turner et al. LPS preconditioning neuroprotective

Figure 2: Neural degeneration increased following traumatic brain injury. Fluoro jade B significantly increased following traumatic brain
injury but LPS preconditioning ameliorated this effect. Scale bar = 50 µm. ***P < 0.001. LPS: lipopolysaccharide; TBI: traumatic brain
injuries; FJB: Fluoro-Jade B

Figure 3: Astrocyte reactivity increased following TBI. GFAP increased significantly following TBI but LPS preconditioning ameliorated the
effect. Scale bar = 50 µm. ***P < 0.001. LPS: lipopolysaccharide; TBI: traumatic brain injuries; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein

OSMR. We observed significant OSMR upregulation compared with no LPS pretreatment according to one-
[22]
following diffuse axonal injury [Figure 6]. OSMR way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey’s test (q = 6.51, P
expression differed significantly between experimental < 0.05). No difference was observed between LPS-
groups (F 3,32 = 11.80; P < 0.05). OSMR expression treated animals and sham-injured rats at this time point
was reduced after TBI in LPS pre-conditioned animals (q = 0.45, P > 0.05).
10 Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation ¦ Volume 4 ¦ January 20, 2017