Page 113 - Read Online

Hochhalter et al. Association between HCMV and GBM

represent a viable strategy to improve anti-tumor Barnholtz-Sloan JS. CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and
immunotherapy. [90] other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in
2009-2013. Neuro Oncol 2016;18:v1-75.
CONCLUSION 2. Wen PY, Kesari S. Malignant gliomas in adults. N Engl J Med
2008;359:492-507.
3. Cobbs CS, Harkins L, Samanta M, Gillespie GY, Bharara S, King
The notion as to how HCMV is associated with PH, Nabors LB, Cobbs CG, Britt WJ. Human cytomegalovirus
GBM is still unclear as there are discrepancies in infection and expression in human malignant glioma. Cancer Res
the detection of HCMV. Theories as to why there 2002;62:3347-50.
are differences observed have been postulated 4. Fisher JL, Schwartzbaum JA, Wrensch M, Berger MS. Evaluation
and include the potential cross reactivity of HCMV of epidemiologic evidence for primary adult brain tumor risk factors
antibodies used in traditional detection methods in 5. using evidence-based medicine. Prog Neurol Surg 2006;19:54-79.
Wrensch M, Minn Y, Chew T, Bondy M, Berger MS. Epidemiology
addition to the variety of experimental conditions of primary brain tumors: current concepts and review of the literature.
used. In light of the continued inconsistencies and Neuro Oncol 2002;4:278-99.
ongoing debate, a standard detection protocol likely 6. Saddawi-Konefka R, Crawford JR. Chronic viral infection and
implementing multiple detection methods needs to primary central nervous system malignancy. J Neuroimmune
be developed and interrogated in multiple institutions Pharmacol 2010;5:387-403.
in order to remedy this controversial issue. Until 7. Sawinski D, Goral S. BK virus infection: an update on diagnosis and
this major endeavor is undertaken, the medical and treatment. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015;30:209-17.
scientific communities should be cognizant of this 8. Ferenczy MW, Marshall LJ, Nelson CD, Atwood WJ, Nath A, Khalili
K, Major EO. Molecular biology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of
controversy. Although there is relative low risk in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, the JC virus-induced
some of the experimental treatments discussed (e.g. demyelinating disease of the human brain. Clin Microbiol Rev
valganciclovir), physicians and scientists should 2012;25:471-506.
exercise caution when using anti-HCMV therapy until 9. Toptan T, Yousem SA, Ho J, Matsushima Y, Stabile LP, Fernández-
we have an updated consensus as to whether HCMV Figueras MT, Bhargava R, Ryo A, Moore PS, Chang Y. Survey for
is associated with GBM. human polyomaviruses in cancer. JCI Insight 2016;1: pii: e85562.
10. Baumgarten P, Michaelis M, Rothweiler F, Starzetz T, Rabenau HF,
Authors’ contributions Berger A, Jennewein L, Braczynski AK, Franz K, Seifert V, Steinbach
JP, Allwinn R, Mittelbronn M, Cinatl J Jr. Human cytomegalovirus
Concept: C.B. Hochhalter, M.L. Ware, M.J. Strong infection in tumor cells of the nervous system is not detectable with
Design: C.B. Hochhalter, M.L. Ware, M.J. Strong standardized pathologico-virological diagnostics. Neuro Oncol
Literature search: C.B. Hochhalter, M.J. Strong 2014;16:1469-77.
Data Analysis: C.B. Hochhalter, C. Carr, B.E. O’Neill, 11. Cobbs C. Response to “human cytomegalovirus infection in tumor
M.L. Ware, M.J. Strong cells of the nervous system is not detectable with standardized
Manuscript preparation: C.B. Hochhalter, M.L. Ware, pathologico-virological diagnostics”. Neuro Oncol 2014;16:1435-6.
M.J. Strong 12. Michaelis M, Mittelbronn M, Cinatl J Jr. Towards an unbiased,
collaborative effort to reach evidence about the presence of human
Manuscript editing: C.B. Hochhalter, C. Carr, B.E. cytomegalovirus in glioblastoma (and other tumors). Neuro Oncol
O’Neill, M.L. Ware, M.J. Strong 2015;17:1039.
Manuscript review: C.B. Hochhalter, C. Carr, B.E. 13. Cobbs C. Reply to: towards an unbiased, collaborative effort to
O’Neill, M.L. Ware, M.J. Strong reach evidence about the presence of human cytomegalovirus in
glioblastoma (and other tumors). Neuro Oncol 2015;17:1040.
Financial support and sponsorship 14. Cinatl J Jr, Cinatl J, Vogel JU, Rabenau H, Kornhuber B, Doerr HW.
This work was supported by a Ruth L. Kirschstein Modulatory effects of human cytomegalovirus infection on malignant
properties of cancer cells. Intervirology 1996;39:259-69.
National Research Service Award F30CA177267 from 15. Cobbs CS, Matlaf L, Harkins LE. Methods for the Detection of
the National Cancer Institute to M.J. Strong. Cytomegalovirus in Glioblastoma Cells and Tissues. In: Yurochko
AD, Miller WE, editors. Human Cytomegaloviruses: Methods and
Conflicts of interest Protocols. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2014. p. 165-96.
There are no conflicts of interest. 16. Lehrer S, Green S, Ramanathan L, Rosenzweig K, Labombardi V. No
consistent relationship of glioblastoma incidence and cytomegalovirus
Patient consent seropositivity in whites, blacks, and Hispanics. Anticancer Res
No patients were involved. 2012;32:1113-5.
17. Dziurzynski K1, Chang SM, Heimberger AB, Kalejta RF, McGregor
Ethics approval Dallas SR, Smit M, Soroceanu L, Cobbs CS; HCMV and Gliomas
Not applicable. Symposium. Consensus on the role of human cytomegalovirus in
glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2012;14:246-55.
18. Cobbs C. Evolving evidence implicates cytomegalovirus as a promoter
REFERENCES of malignant glioma pathogenesis. Herpesviridae 2011;2:10.
19. Cheng J, Ke Q, Jin Z, Wang H, Kocher O, Morgan JP, Zhang J,
1. Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, Xu J, Kromer C, Wolinsky Y, Kruchko C, Crumpacker CS. Cytomegalovirus infection causes an increase of
Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation ¦ Volume 4 ¦ June 16, 2017 105