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Table 1: Postmortem studies included in this review investigating microglia or neuroinflammation in bipolar disorder
Study Origin Source Population Measure(s) Results Observations
Ishizuka Japan Kumamoto 11 neuro‑ Northern blot‑ Increased Evidence for
et al. [22] (Kumamoto, University, psychiatric patients, immunohistochemistry, expression of MIP increased
Fukuoka, Kyushu‑ Department 1 bipolar; 2 surgical in situ hybridization 1α/LD78 in the expression of
Maidashi) of Anatomy (brain sampled to assess expression bipolar patient in inflammatory
(postmortem during neurosurgery and distribution of MIP white matter glial marker in glia
autopsies); for brain tumor) 1α/LD78 in brain cells in the brain of
Neurosurgery just one patient
School of with bipolar
Medicine, disorder; four
Fukuoka (brain patients with
sampling schizophrenia
during brain showed neuronal
surgery) as well as glial
distribution
abnormalities
Hamidi USA (Washington Harvard 9 bipolar versus 8 Microglial density No differences Patients with
et al. [23] University, St. Brain Tissue major depression (cells/mm ) in the between bipolar bipolar disorder
3
Louis, Mo; NIMH, Resource versus 10 amygdala disorder and had been exposed
Bethesda, Md) Center nonpsychiatric controls to valproate or
controls lithium more often
than patients with
major depression;
higher suicide
rates in patients
versus controls
Frank Germany Stanley 3 bipolar, 4 Microarray‑based HML‑2 family HERV transcription
et al. [24] (Mannheim, Foundation schizophrenia, analysis of HERV (HERV‑K10) in brain weakly
Heidelberg, Brain 4 nonpsychiatric transcriptional activity significantly correlates with
Oberschleissheim) Collection, controls for in the dorsolateral overrepresented schizophrenia
Bethesda comparing retroviral prefrontal cortex. in bipolar and related
RNA in various brain DNA chip investigated disorder and disorders, but may
areas; 35 bipolar, through Env‑specific schizophrenia, be affected by
35 schizophrenia, QRT‑PCR. An animal compared to individual genetic
35 nonpsychiatric retrovirus‑specific control brains. background,
controls for all microarray was HERV E4‑1 brain‑infiltrating
analyses in BA performed to test transcription immune cells,
46 (dorsolateral the hypothesis of overrepresented or medical
prefrontal cortex) zoonosis in bipolar disorder treatment; the
Env expression higher incidence
of HERV‑W, of HERV‑K10
HERV‑FRD, and transcripts in
HML unaffected schizophrenia and
regardless of the bipolar disorder
clinical picture. is a probable
No transcripts consequence of
of any animal high brain immune
retroviruses reactivity
detected with pet
chip in all 105
human brains
Dean Australia Autopsied 8 bipolar versus 20 Prefrontal S100β Decreased BA 9 Postmortem
et al. [25] (University of cases at schizophrenia versus levels (indirect and increased BA interval arbitrarily
Melbourne, Victorian 20 nonpsychiatric evidence; astrocyte 40 S100β levels defined in not
Parkville, VIC) Institute of controls S100β and microglial in bipolar disorder witnessed deaths;
Forensic IL‑1β induce one I versus other no suicide
Medicine another) groups
Foster England Stanley 15 bipolar, 15 Double Higher levels in Evidence of
et al. [26] (King’s‑Maudsley), Foundation schizophrenia, immune‑fluorescence schizophrenia, neuroinflammation
Canada Brain Collection 15 major for the lowest in controls, in bipolar
(University of depression, and neuroinflammation intermediate in disorder, but not
British Columbia, 15 nonpsychiatric marker calprotectin major depression, so strong as in
Vancouver), controls and microglia in and bipolar schizophrenia;
Norway (Ullevål BA 9 (dorsolateral disorder in post‑mortem
University, Oslo) prefrontal cortex) dorsolateral interval, age, and
and USA (UCSD, prefrontal sex distribution
San Diego, CA) microglia not reported,
but said to have
not influenced
results
Contd..

256 Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation | Volume 2 | Issue 4 | October 15, 2015