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Zhu et al. Mini-invasive Surg 2023;7:12 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1225.2022.117 Page 5 of 13

Figure 4. The cuff of the infundibulum was sutured from the inside, which was afforded by the dexterity and precision of the robotic
instruments.

Figure 5. A covered metal stent was placed during an ERCP for tamponade of blood oozing at the biliary orifice. (A) The stent was
observed using the duodenoscope (B) and fluoroscopically during the procedure.

Figure 6. ICG was used to assess the biliary anatomy. The infundibulum appeared fused to the presumed CBD seen using (A) white
light illumination and (B) ICG cholangiography.

likely not hold a suture well, so we left the infundibulum open and placed a drain in the right hepatorenal
space. In the case of a bile leak, this would create a controlled biliary fistula, although that was unlikely given
the presence of the covered stent and the absence of bile from the cystic duct orifice [Figure 8]. The patient
was discharged from the PACU in stable condition. Postoperatively, there was no bile in the drain and it
was removed. The patient’s covered metal stent was removed 5 weeks later during an ERCP. Pathology
showed chronic cholecystitis.

Case presentation 3: cholecystocolonic fistula managed by RAL subtotal fenestrating
cholecystectomy
A 65-year-old male patient with hyperlipidemia and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction requiring