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Farinha et al. Mini-invasive Surg 2023;7:38 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1225.2023.50 Page 5 of 14

Figure 1. Study selection process, according to the PRISMA Statement. PRISMA: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and
Meta-Analyses.

questions that were assessed using a ten-point Likert scale, where 96% of the participants reported an
enhancement and no hindering of their learning experience . By answering one question on a ten-point
[14]
Likert scale, one animal study reported that all participants considered the model helpful in improving their
confidence and skills in performing PN . In another study, the experts rated the TM as “very realistic”
[31]
[27]
[median score 7/10, range (6-9)] , and in another study, the model was rated as having contributed to their
skill (4/5) and confidence (4.1 out of 5) in performing robotic surgery .
[9]