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Farinha et al. Mini-invasive Surg 2023;7:38 Mini-invasive Surgery
DOI: 10.20517/2574-1225.2023.50

Review Open Access

Systematic review on training models for partial

nephrectomy

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Rui J. Farinha 1,2 , Elio Mazzone , Marco Paciotti , Alberto Breda , James Porter , Kris Maes ,
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Ben Van Cleynenbreugel , Jozef Vander Sloten , Alexandre Mottrie 1,10 , Anthony G. Gallagher 1,11,12
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Department of Research & Skills Development, Orsi Academy, Melle 9090, Belgium.
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Department of Urology, Hospital da Luz, Lisbon 1500-650, Portugal.
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Division of Oncology/Unit of Urology, Soldera Prostate Cancer Lab, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy.
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Department of Urology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan 20132, Italy.
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Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08025, Spain.
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Swedish Urology Group, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98107, USA.
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Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
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Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Section of Biomechanics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
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Department of Urology, Onze-Lieve-Vrouw Ziekenhuis, Aalst 9300, Belgium.
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Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
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Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Derry BT16DN, Northern Ireland, UK.
Correspondence to: Rui J. Farinha, Department of Research & Skills Development, Orsi Academy, Proefhoevestraat 12, Melle
9090, Belgium. E-mail: ruifarinhaurologia@gmail.com
How to cite this article: Farinha RJ, Mazzone E, Paciotti M, Breda A, Porter J, Maes K, Van Cleynenbreugel B, Vander Sloten J,
Mottrie A, Gallagher AG. Systematic review on training models for partial nephrectomy. Mini-invasive Surg 2023;7:38. https://
dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1225.2023.50
Received: 27 Apr 2023 First Decision: 28 Sep 2023 Revised: 14 Nov 2023 Accepted: 20 Nov 2023 Published: 27 Nov 2023
Academic Editors: Sey Kiat Terence Lim, Hendrik Van Poppel Copy Editor: Dong-Li Li Production Editor: Dong-Li Li
Abstract
Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (PN) is a complex and index procedure with a difficult learning curve that
urologists need to learn how to perform safely. We systematically evaluated the development and validation
evidence underpinning PN training models (TMs) by extracting and reviewing data from PubMed, Cochrane Library
Central, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Scopus databases from inception to April 2023. The level of evidence was
assessed using the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine. Of the 331 screened articles, 14 cohort studies
were included in the analysis. No randomized controlled trials were found, and the heterogeneous nature of the
models, study groups, task definitions, and subjectivity of the metrics used were transversal to all studies. All the
models were rated good for realism and usefulness as training tools. Methodological discrepancies preclude
definitive conclusions regarding the construct validation. No discriminative or predictive validation evidence was
reported, nor were there comparisons between an experimental group trained with a TM and a control group. The

© The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
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