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Saleh et al. Improvement of prostate cancer detection

correlation to clinical data. [5,11] indicated that IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 reached their peak
levels during adolescence and gradually lowered
In the present study, serum tPSA and f/tPSA were with age. IGFBP-3, the most prevalent form of the
[33]
significantly higher in the PCa than in the control IGFBPs, has been linked with prostatic growth. About
groups and they can significantly be influenced by the 75% of IGF-1 is bound to IGFBP-3, while 20-25% is
tumor metastasizing. IGF-1 serum level was slightly bound to the other binding proteins (IGFBP-1, 2, 4
increased and IGFBP-3 level was slightly decreased and 5), and less than 1% is carried in the unbound
in patients with PCa, but they did not differentiate state in the circulation. Therefore, relative IGFBP-3
[16]
between PCa patients and control individuals; thus, concentrations may affect serum and likely prostatic
no association of PCa risk were observed with tissue levels of IGF-1. Importantly, although the IGFBP-
prediagnostic serum concentrations of IGF-1, IGFBP-3 3-IGF-1 complex is a high molecular weight protein
which may be attributed to the function of IGFBP-3 as that cannot diffuse into tissues, complexes of IGF-1
a substrate for PSA. This is a member of the kallikrein and other IGFBPs have a lower molecular weight and
family of serine protease and it is assumed that can traverse the capillary membrane into tissues. [16,34]
[31]
rising PSA levels during the natural history of PCa Consequently, a decline of IGFBP-3 levels may give
enhances the disease progression by proteolytically rise to an intension bind of IGF-1 to other IGFBPs,
cleaving IGFBP-3, thereby increasing the amount of high diffusion into tissues, and an elevated tissue IGF-
bioavailable IGF-1. Previous study on Arab males 1 levels, leading to increased prostatic growth. Some
[32]

Figure 1: (A) Mean levels of tPSA in PCa and control groups; (B) mean levels of f/tPSA ratio in PCa and control groups; (C) mean levels of
IGF-1, IGF-1/tPSA and IGF-1/fPSA ratios in PCa and control groups; (D) mean levels of IGFBP-3, IGFBP-3/tPSA and IGFBP-3/fPSA ratios
in PCa and control groups; (E) mean levels of CgA and CgA/tPSA ratios in PCa and control groups. tPSA: total prostate specific antigen;
PCa: prostate cancer; f/tPSA: free/total prostate specific antigen; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor-1; IGFBP-3: IGF binding protein-3; CgA:
chromogranin A
86 Journal of Cancer Metastasis and Treatment ¦ Volume 3 ¦ May 24, 2017