Page 52 - Read Online

Gambari et al. J Cancer Metastasis Treat 2019;5:55 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-4722.2019.18 Page 9 of 13

of nanoparticles carrying an anti-miR-21 PNAs for the development of protocols for adjuvant therapy for
GBM. Interestingly, the delivered PNAs were found to cause long-term survival in treated mice at a level
much higher with respect to antisense RNAs.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Revised and approved the final manuscript: Gambari R, Gasparello J, Finotti A
Wrote the manuscript, performed the literature search, and critically analyzed the existing literature:
Gambari R, Gasparello J, Finotti A
Designed the figures and created the tables: Gambari R, Finotti A

Availability of data and materials
Not Applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
This work was supported by the European Union (EU) Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme
(GA #633937) project ULTRAsensitive PLAsmonic devices for early CAncer Diagnosis (ULTRAPLACAD),
and by Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC) (IG#13575 to RG) . This study was also
supported by the Interuniversity Consortium for the Biotechnology, Italy.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
The Author(s) 2019.

REFERENCES
1. Sontheimer EJ, Carthew RW. Silence from within: endogenous siRNAs and miRNAs. Cell 2005;122:9-12.
2. Filipowicz W, Jaskiewicz L, Kolb FA, Pillai RS. Post-transcriptional gene silencing by siRNAs and miRNAs. Curr Opin Struct Biol
2005;15:331-41.
3. Alvarez-Garcia I, Miska EA. MicroRNA functions in animal development and human disease. Development 2005;132:4653-62.
4. He L, Hannon GJ. MicroRNAs: small RNAs with a big role in gene regulation. Nat Rev Genet 2004;5:522-31.
5. Lim LP, Lau NC, Garrett-Engele P, Grimson A, Schelter JM, et al. Microarray analysis shows that some microRNAs downregulate large
numbers of target mRNAs. Nature 2005;433:769-73.
6. Chou CH, Shrestha S, Yang CD, Chang NW, Lin YL, et al. miRTarBase update 2018: a resource for experimentally validated microRNA-
target interactions. Nucleic Acids Res 2017;46:D296-D302.
7. Griffiths-Jones S. The microRNA Registry. Nucleic Acids Res 2004;32:D109-11.
8. Maracaja-Coutinho V, Paschoal AR, Caris-Maldonado JC, Borges PV, Ferreira AJ, et al. Noncoding RNAs Databases: Current Status
and Trends. Methods Mol Biol 2019;1912:251-85.
9. Monga I, Kumar M. Computational resources for prediction and analysis of functional miRNA and their targetome. Methods Mol Biol
2019;1912:215-50.
10. Gambari R, Fabbri E, Borgatti M, Lampronti I, Finotti A, et al. Targeting microRNAs involved in human diseases: a novel approach for
modification of gene expression and drug development. Biochem Pharmacol 2011;82:1416-29.
11. Cheng CJ, Bahal R, Babar IA, Pincus Z, Barrera F, et al. MicroRNA silencing for cancer therapy targeted to the tumour microenvironment.
Nature 2015;518:107-10.