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Kohla et al. Transforming growth factor β1 in HCC

Table 1: Demographic criteria in all subjects
Control Cirrhotic HCC c 2 P value
n % n % n %
Gender
Male 16 53.3 20 66.7 99 82.5 12.222 0.003
Female 14 46.7 10 33.3 21 17.5
Age, years, mean ± SD 47.67 ± 3.387 52.29 ± 2.997 50.20 ± 3.916 26.2 0.001
Residence
Rural 15 50 10 33.3 95 79.1 27.19 0.001
Urban 15 50 20 66.6 25 20.8
Occupation
House wife 8 26.6 15 50 17 14.1 20.28 0.004
Farmer 15 50 10 33.3 55 45.8
Employee 7 23.3 5 16.6 48 40
Smoking:
Non 19 63.3 20 66.7 56 46.7 9.240 0.055
EX 0 0 4 13.3 16 13.3
Yes 11 36.7 6 20.0 48 40.0
Pesticidal exposure
No 15 50 14 46.7 65 54.2 0.612 0.736
Yes 15 50 16 53.3 55 45.8
Bilharziasis or anti bilharzial
No 22 73.3 17 56.7 23 19.2 39.058 0.001
Yes 8 26.7 13 43.3 97 80.8
Antiviral treatment
No 30 100 22 73.3 109 90.8
Yes 0 0 8 26.7 11 9.2 12.033 0.002
DM
No 22 73.3 22 73.3 91 75.8 0.133 0.936
Yes 8 26.7 8 26.7 29 24.2
BCLC NA NA NA NA NA NA
A 30 25.0
B 30 25.0
C 30 25.0
D 30 25.0
Child
A NA NA 29 96.7 50 41.7 29.1 0.001
B 1 3.3 40 33.3
C 0 0.0 30 25.0
HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; DM: diabetes mellitus; BCLC: Barcelona clinic liver cancer; NA: not applicable
HBs Ag and HCV Ab (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Serum levels of TGF-β1 was significantly higher in
Park, IL, USA), and for serum AFP level measurement HCC groups compared to cirrhotic and control groups
using the automated chemiluminescence system ACS (P = 0.000) as shown in Table 3 and Figure 2.
180 (Siemens Medical Solutions, USA); and the 3rd
part, 3 mL for serum and was used for measurement More advanced BCLC stage was generally associated
of TGF-β1 using human TGF-β1 ELISA Kit (New with higher serum levels of TGF-β1, as shown in
York, NY 10123) according to the manufacturer’s Table 4 and Figure 3, patients at an early stage HCC
instructions. (BCLC stage A), had significantly lower serum levels
of TGF-β1 compared to BCLC stage C and D (P =
Statistical analysis 0.004 and 0.038 respectively) but not to BCLC stage
Data was statistically analyzed using SPSS (Statistical B (P = 0.267). Similarly, serum levels of TGF-β1 were
Package for Social Science) Program version 13 for significantly higher with more advanced liver disease
Windows and for all the analysis a P value < 0.05 was assessed by Child Pugh classification [Table 4 and
considered statistically significant. Figure 4].

Table 5 shows that higher serum levels of TGF-β1 were
RESULTS significantly associated with vascular and invasion
and tumor size (P = 0.001 and 0.02 respectively)
The demographic criteria of all subjects included in rather than number of nodules (P = 0.964).
the study are shown in Table 1.
Lower serum levels of TGF-β1 was associated with
Table 2 shows the tumor characteristics in 120 a higher probability of survival, using a cut-off value
patients with HCC included in the study. of 301.9 pg/mL, the median survival of patients

296 Hepatoma Research ¦ Volume 3 ¦ December 12, 2017