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Page 6 of 12 Yu et al. Hepatoma Res. 2025;11:29 | https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-5079.2025.47

Table 2. Univariate analysis of factors associated with immune-related adverse events in HCC patients
β sX Waldχ 2 EXP(B) 95%CI P

Age, years -0.162 0.370 0.192 0.850 0.412-1.755 0.850
< 60/≥ 60
Gender 0.108 0.504 0.046 1.114 0.415-2.993 0.830
Female/Male
BCLC -0.671 0.408 2.701 0.511 0.230-1.138 0.100
B/C
HBV -0.612 0.482 1.610 0.542 0.211-1.395 0.205
No/Yes
ECOG PS -0.371 0.522 0.505 0.690 0.248-1.921 0.477
0/> 0
Child-Pugh 0.843 0.376 4.911 2.303 1.101-4.816 0.027
5/> 5
Cirrhosis 1.417 0.397 12.733 2.757 1.894-8.984 < 0.001
No/Yes
AFP (ng/mL) -0.288 0.368 0.610 0.750 0.364-1.543 0.750
< 400/≥ 400
CD4/CD8 -0.187 0.127 2.152 0.830 0.646-1.065 0.142
NK 0.014 0.021 0.499 1.015 0.975-1.056 0.480
B 0.050 0.042 1.444 1.052 0.969-1.142 0.230
NLR 0.819 0.167 24.126 2.268 1.636-3.145 < 0.001
NKT 0.023 0.053 0.196 0.658 0.923-1.135 0.658
Treg 0.159 0.045 12.629 1.172 1.074-1.279 < 0.001
Lymphocytes -0.061 0.015 17.203 0.941 0.914-0.968 < 0.001
CD3 -0.010 0.014 0.503 0.990 0.963-1.018 0.478
CD4 0.026 0.021 1.526 1.026 0.985-1.070 0.217
CD8 -0.015 0.019 0.671 0.985 0.950-1.021 0.413
TBIL 0.002 0.021 0.006 1.002 0.961-1.044 0.937
DBIL 0.038 0.038 1.009 1.039 0.964-1.120 0.315
ALT 0.003 0.023 0.020 1.003 0.959-1.050 0.889
AST -0.005 0.017 0.070 0.995 0.962-1.030 0.792
Cr -0.015 0.006 6.055 0.985 0.973-0.997 0.014
ALB 0.012 0.025 0.213 1.012 0.963-1.062 0.644
HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; EXP(B): exponentiated B coefficient; CI: confidence interval; BCLC: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; HBV: chronic
hepatitis B virus; ECOG PS: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Performance Status; Child-Pugh: Child-Pugh-Turcotte score; AFP alpha-fetoprotein;
CD4: cluster of differentiation 4; CD8: cluster of differentiation 8; NK: natural killer cell; B: B lymphocyte; NLR: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio;
NKT: natural killer T cell; Treg: regulatory T cell; CD3: cluster of differentiation 3; TBIL: total bilirubin; DBIL: direct bilirubin; ALT: alanine
aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; Cr: creatinine; ALB: albumin.

A total of 46 HCC patients with sirAEs and 84 HCC patients without sirAEs were enrolled in this study.
The lymphocyte subpopulation and clinical characteristics of these patients were analyzed, and a
nomogram prediction model was established based on these data. The AUC value of the prediction model
established in this study was 0.885 and the sensitivity was 0.812, which was significantly better than that of a
single factor. This study showed that the proportion of cirrhosis was significantly higher in the sirAEs
group, and cirrhosis was an independent influencing factor for sirAEs. Patients with cirrhosis were more
likely to develop sirAEs. In liver cirrhosis, the immune function of the liver itself is often abnormal, and it is
more likely to cause systemic immune dysfunction during immunotherapy . Mild systemic inflammatory
[10]