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Lekbir et al. Energy Mater. 2025, 5, 500101 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2025.46 Page 15 of 17

Authors’ contributions
Methodology, investigation, formal analysis, data curation, writing - original draft: Lekbir, A.
Methodology, supervision, writing - review & editing, project administration, funding Acquisition:
Mekhilef, S.
Concept, supervision, writing - review & editing: Tey, K. S.; Albaker, A.

Availability of data and materials
All datasets generated for this study are included in the article.

Financial support and sponsorship
This research was supported by the Universiti Malaya Matching Grant: MG043-2024.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2025.

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