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Girase et al. Energy Mater. 2025, 5, 500132 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2025.14 Page 3 of 33

Figure 1. Trend in the number of publications related to “thermoelectric polymers” over the past decades, based on data from the Web
of Science.

impressive power factor (PF) [14,22] .

The most common organic materials showing TE properties are conducting polymer (CP) such as
poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT), polypyrrole (PPy), and polyaniline (PANI). These materials are
considered as the most promising candidates for the TE application due to their excellent features, including
low bandgap energy, high electrical conductivity (σ), thermal stability, light weight, structurally stable
backbone, and ease of processing. Extensive research has been carried out on the p-type TE OSCs as these
materials are mainly utilized as one of the legs in the TE devices [23-26] . However, these materials often face
limitations such as hygroscopicity and insulating counter ions in PEDOT derivatives, solubility and poor air
stability, processability, tunability of their structural and electronic properties, low S, and high κ, which
significantly hinders their efficiency in converting thermal energy into electricity .
[22]

Recently, diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based polymers attracted much attention in the field of OSCs such as
[27]
[32]
OSCs , organic field-effect transistor (OFETs) [28-31] , organic light emitting diodes Organic memory
devices [33-35] , chemical sensors [36-38] , photodetectors [39,40] , and light-emitting electrochemical cells . The keen
[41]
interest of DPP derivatives is due to their attractive features such as low production cost, wide optical