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Xie et al. Energy Mater. 2025, 5, 500127 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2025.48 Page 13 of 15

The optimized composition with x = 0.15 exhibited superior thermoelectric properties, achieving a
maximum dimensionless ZT of approximately 1.18 at 360 K. The synergistic integration of rapid
solidification, nanostructuring, and compositional optimization offers an effective strategy for the
development of high-performance thermoelectric materials. This approach not only mitigates issues such as
phase segregation and excessive grain coarsening inherent in traditional synthesis methods but also presents
a viable route for advancing thermoelectric materials in energy conversion and solid-state cooling
applications.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Made substantial contributions to conception and design of the study and performed data collection and
visualization: Xie, Y. K.; Ramki, S.; Lan, C. W. H
Performed data acquisition and provided administrative, technical, and material support: Xie, Y. K.;
Ramki, S.; Hsu, H. p.

Availability of data and materials
The data are made available upon request to authors.

Financial support and sponsorship
This work was supported by the National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan [112-2221-E-002-039-
MY3].

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2025.

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