Page 108 - Read Online

Kumar et al. Energy Mater. 2025, 5, 500109 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2025.22 Page 15 of 17

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Investigation, data curation, formal analysis, methodology, writing - original draft: Kumar, A.
Investigation, data curation, formal analysis, writing - original draft: Thoravat, S.
Conceptualization, characterization, visualization, writing - review and editing: Yun, J. H.
Investigation, formal analysis: Park, J.; Jin, H.
Investigation, data curation, formal analysis: Hidayati, R.
Conceptualization, characterization, visualization, methodology, formal analysis, writing - original draft,
writing - review and editing: Kim, J. H.
Conceptualization, funding acquisition, resources, supervision, writing - review and editing: Rhyee, J. S.
All authors analyzed the data and contributed to the discussions.

Availability of data and materials
Some results of supporting the study are presented in the Supplementary Materials. Other raw data that
support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Financial support and sponsorship
This research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Ministry
of Education, Science and Technology (RS-2023-00247622 and NRF-2022M3C1A3091988).

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2025.

REFERENCES
1. Yan, Q.; Kanatzidis, M. G. High-performance thermoelectrics and challenges for practical devices. Nat. Mater. 2022, 21, 503-13. DOI
PubMed
2. Shi, X. L.; Zou, J.; Chen, Z. G. Advanced thermoelectric design: from materials and structures to devices. Chem. Rev. 2020, 120,
7399-515. DOI PubMed
3. Hameed, M. M.; Mansor, M.; Azrin, M. A. M.; Muhsin, S. Thermoelectric cooler performance enhancement using thermoelectric
generators and their use as a single model to improve the performance of thermal battery management systems for electric vehicles.
Energy. Storage. 2023, 5, e406. DOI
4. Mao, J.; Chen, G.; Ren, Z. Thermoelectric cooling materials. Nat. Mater. 2021, 20, 454-61. DOI
5. Wu, Z.; Zhang, S.; Liu, Z.; Mu, E.; Hu, Z. Thermoelectric converter: strategies from materials to device application. Nano. Energy.
2022, 91, 106692. DOI
6. Hao, F.; Qiu, P.; Tang, Y.; et al. High efficiency Bi Te -based materials and devices for thermoelectric power generation between 100
2
3
and 300 °C. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2016, 9, 3120-7. DOI
7. Witting, I. T.; Chasapis, T. C.; Ricci, F.; et al. The thermoelectric properties of bismuth telluride. Adv. Electron. Mater. 2019, 5,
1800904. DOI
8. Hu, L.; Zhu, T.; Liu, X.; Zhao, X. Point defect engineering of high-performance bismuth-telluride-based thermoelectric materials. Adv.
Funct. Mater. 2014, 24, 5211-8. DOI
9. Kim, Y. M.; Lydia, R.; Kim, J.; Lin, C.; Ahn, K.; Rhyee, J. Enhancement of thermoelectric properties in liquid-phase sintered Te-
excess bismuth antimony tellurides prepared by hot-press sintering. Acta. Mater. 2017, 135, 297-303. DOI
10. Zhu, B.; Xie, W.; Huang, R.; et al. High thermoelectric performance in Ag-doped Bi Sb Te nanocomposites synthesized via low-
3
1.5
0.5