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Guo et al. Energy Mater. 2025, 5, 500041 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2024.214 Page 9 of 21

Figure 5. (A) A detailed description of the experimental arrangement used for in situ near-field infrared imaging and nanospectroscopy.
(B) AFM images and IR white light images, and (C) local nano-FTIR spectra obtained at room temperature. Reproduced with
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permission from Ref. [63] Copyright 2022, Nature. (D and E) A series of time-resolved, stacked FTIR plots focused on a 1,727 cm peak at
the interface. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [64] Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH.

block copolymer electrolytes lack the well-defined structural order observed in the annealed samples, a
finding that indicates a less organized microstructure. They claimed that the performance of this SSB was
mainly affected by the electrolyte morphology, especially after the battery was annealed, which led to a
serious mismatch between polymer electrolytes and electrodes, thereby deteriorating the battery
performance.

Soft X-ray absorption technique
Soft X-ray spectroscopy is an element-specific technique that exhibits high sensitivity to the local chemical
environment and structural order of materials. It can provide detailed information about the electronic
structure and chemical bonds of materials, which is crucial for understanding the complex electrochemical
reactions and interfacial phenomena in polymer-based batteries. Employing the intricate elemental,
chemical, and surface probing capabilities of soft X-rays, Liu et al. unveiled unique lithium-ion and electron
behavior patterns within the Li(Co Ni Mn )O and LiFePO cathodes embedded in polymer electrolyte
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