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Wang et al. Energy Mater 2024;4:400031 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2023.103 Page 9 of 11

CONCLUSIONS
In brief, we have successfully fabricated a remarkably stable Li composite anode with a porous BaLi alloy
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array as the sub-skeleton in the CC sheet for regulating Li stripping/plating behavior via a facile thermal
infusion strategy within 10 s. The addition of heteroatomic Ba metal to Li can reduce the surface tension of
liquid Li, enhancing the wettability toward the CC. Moreover, the ordered array structure of LBAC anodes
not only restricts the Li stripping/plating behavior in the microporous space to suppress Li dendrite growth
but also reduces the Li nucleation overpotential to achieve homogeneous Li deposition. Furthermore, the
mechanical strength of the anode is significantly enhanced by the excellent flexibility exhibited by the CC
host. As a result, the porous array of BaLi microchannels nested in CC sheet assists the high cycling
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performance over 1,000 h under a condition of 1 mA cm /1 mA h cm with a dendrite-free morphology.
Additionally, a LBAC composite anode exhibits excellent performance in a full cell coupled with a LFP
cathode due to the good reversibility and rapid transfer of charge. We believe a composite anode consisting
of flexible carbon host architecture and Li-rich Li alloy with built-in lithiophilic and porous skeleton holds
great potential as the practical anode material for Li metal batteries.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Contributed substantially to conceptualization, investigation, formal analysis, and writing-original draft:
Wang Z
Developed methodology: Chen T
Offered material support: Song Z, Xing J
Provided administration: Zhou A
Made significant contributions to project administration and technical review and editing: Li J

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
This work was partly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 22379019 and
52172184), S&T Special Program of Huzhou (No. 2023GZ03), Huzhou Natural Science Foundation Project
(Nos. 2022YZ04 and 2022YZ21), and National Science Foundation of Sichuan Province (No.
2022NSFSC0259).

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2024.

REFERENCES
1. Park S, Jin HJ, Yun YS. Advances in the design of 3D-structured electrode materials for lithium-metal anodes. Adv Mater
2020;32:2002193. DOI