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Wang et al. Energy Mater 2024;4:400031 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2023.103 Page 5 of 11

Figure 1. (A) Optical images of the liquid Li-Ba alloy infusion at 400 °C to CC. The top surface morphology of the (B) CC and the
(C and D) LBAC electrodes. The cross-sectional view morphology of the (E) CC and the (F and G) LBAC.

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Figure 2. (A, D, G) The SEM images of LBAC anode following the removal of 10 mA h cm Li, (B, E, H) subsequent deposition
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5 mA h cm and (C, F, I) 10 mA h cm Li.
BaLi alloy scaffold and no Li dendrite was visualized. The BaLi microchannels can confine the deposited Li
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in a smaller cage, achieving uniform Li deposition behavior. As the Li plating capacity is up to
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10 mA h cm , the BaLi microchannels are completely covered by Li metal, showing a dendrite-free
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morphology [Figure 2C]. Moreover, the dense Li layer can be observed in the side-view SEM images
[Figure 2D-I]. These results demonstrate the significant impact of LBAC on guiding highly reversible Li
stripping/plating behavior. This is attributed to the spatial confinement provided by porous BaLi array
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among the bundles of carbon fibers, resulting in the reduced size of the deposited Li. In contrast, the Li-C
electrode has a different Li stripping/plating behavior. A SEM image in Supplementary Figure 6A illustrates