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Yan et al. Energy Mater 2023;3:300002 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2022.60 Page 25 of 32

3. Host electrodes can both mitigate the volume variation of Li metal and homogenize the local current
density. Some host preparation processes, such as solution casting and cooling, meet the requirements of
large-scale industrial production. The pore structure is one of the focuses of future host’s design, which
influences both the capacity and rate performance of the battery. However, the low CE derived from the
serious corrosion phenomenon caused by large SSA hinders the development of hosts. In addition, a single
strategy cannot solve all the problems of the Li metal anode. Therefore, it is favorable to combine various
strategies together to reduce the volume expansion, interfacial corrosion and dendrite growth of Li metal
anodes simultaneously.

4. SSEs are attractive in dealing with the safety concerns of non-aqueous electrolyte-based batteries, such as
poor chemical stability, leakage and flammability. Nevertheless, the low ionic conductivity, poor interfacial
contact with Li metal and instability against Li metal remain great challenges for their commercial
application.

5. In most reported work, the amount of Li is not controlled in the full battery, i.e., the ratio of negative and
positive materials (N:P) is higher than 3:1, which is of little practical value for evaluation. Therefore, the N:P
ratio is recommended as a key parameter for the practical application evaluation of the future full battery.
Areal capacity is also a critical parameter, which affects the total battery energy density. The relative weight
of current collector, separator, electrolyte and other components increases with decreasing areal capacity.
-2
The anodes of current LIBs possess an areal capacity of ~3-4 mAh cm . However, the areal capacity of the
-2
cathode is often lower than 0.5 mAh cm in the reported LMBs.

In summary, despite the great process made in the optimization of the Li metal anode, various strategies are
problematic for the overall improvement of the electrochemical performance of LMBs. Furthermore, there
is an obvious gap between electrochemical performances at the laboratory level and those at practical
industrial conditions. Endeavors and breakthroughs in the research field of Li metal anodes are still required
to drive the revival of LMBs.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Conceptualization, data curation, writing - original draft: Yan Y
Conceptualization, data curation, writing - editing: Zeng T
Data curation: Liu S
Writing-review and editing, funding acquisition, supervision: Shu C, Zeng Y

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.
21905033, 52271201), the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province (Grant No.
2022YFG0100) and the Central Government Funds of Guiding Local Scientific and Technological
Development for Sichuan Province (Grant No. 2022ZYD0045). The support from the State Key Laboratory
of Vanadium and Titanium Resources Comprehensive Utilization (2020P4FZG02A) is also appreciated.