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Mu et al. Energy Mater 2022;2:200043 Energy Materials
DOI: 10.20517/energymater.2022.57

Review Open Access

An industrial pathway to emerging presodiation

strategies for increasing the reversible ions in
sodium-ion batteries and capacitors

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*
Jian-Jia Mu , Zhao-Meng Liu , Qing-Song Lai, Da Wang, Xuan-Wen Gao , Dong-Run Yang, Hong Chen,
Wen-Bin Luo *
Institute for Energy Electrochemistry and Urban Mines Metallurgy, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang
110819, Liaoning, China.
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Authors contributed equally.
*
Correspondence to: Prof. Xuan-Wen Gao, Institute for Energy Electrochemistry and Urban Mines Metallurgy, School of
Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China. E-mail:
gaoxuanwen@mail.neu.edu.cn; Prof. Wen-Bin Luo, Institute for Energy Electrochemistry and Urban Mines Metallurgy, School of
Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China. E-mail:
luowenbin@smm.neu.edu.cn

How to cite this article: Mu JJ, Liu ZM, Lai QS, Wang D, Gao XW, Yang DR, Chen H, Luo WB. An industrial pathway to emerging
presodiation strategies for increasing the reversible ions in sodium-ion batteries and capacitors. Energy Mater 2022;2:200043.
https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2022.57

Received: 23 Sep 2022 First Decision: 28 Oct 2022 Revised: 25 Nov 2022 Accepted: 5 Dec 2022 Published: 23 Dec 2022

Academic Editors: Jiazhao Wang, Wei Tang Copy Editor: Fangling Lan Production Editor: Fangling Lan

Abstract
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and capacitors (SICs) have been drawing considerable interest in recent years and are
considered two of the most promising candidates for next-generation battery technologies in the energy storage
industry. Therefore, it is essential to explore feasible strategies to increase the energy density and cycling lifespan
of these technologies for their future commercialization. However, relatively low Coulombic efficiency severely
limits the energy density of sodium-ion full cells, particularly in the initial cycle, which gradually decreases the
number of recyclable ions. Presodiation techniques are regarded as effective approaches to counteract the
irreversible capacity in the initial cycle and boost the energy density of SIBs and SICs. Their cyclic stability can also
be enhanced by the slow release of supplemental sodium and high-content recyclable ions during cycling. In this
review, a general understanding of the sodium-ion loss pathways and presodiation process towards full cells with
high Coulombic efficiency is summarized. From the perspectives of safety, operability and efficiency, the merits and
drawbacks of various presodiation techniques are evaluated. This review attempts to provide a fundamental
understanding of presodiation principles and strategies to promote the industrial development of SIBs and SICs.

© The Author(s) 2022. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, for any purpose, even commercially, as
long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and
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