Page 111 - 2417
P. 111
Page 16 of 17 Stichnothe et al. Carbon Footprints 2026, 5, 11
33. Greendelta. OpenLCA. https://www.openlca.org. (accessed 2026-3-10).
34. Ecoinvent. Ecoinvent. https://ecoinvent.org. (accessed 2026-3-10).
35. Weidema, B. P. Increasing credibility of LCA. Int. J. LCA. 2000, 5, 63-4. DOI
36. Schmidt, J. H. System delimitation in agricultural consequential LCA: outline of methodology and illustrative case study of wheat in
Denmark. Int. J. Life. Cycle. Assess. 2008, 13, 350-64. DOI
37. Brandão, M.; Heath, G.; Cooper, J. What can meta-analyses tell us about the reliability of life cycle assessment for decision support? J.
Ind. Ecol. 2012, 16, S3-7. DOI
38. Schaubroeck, T.; Schaubroeck, S.; Heijungs, R.; Zamagni, A.; Brandão, M.; Benetto, E. Attributional & consequential life cycle
assessment: definitions, conceptual characteristics and modelling restrictions. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7386. DOI
39. Zamagni, A.; Guinée, J.; Heijungs, R.; Masoni, P.; Raggi, A. Lights and shadows in consequential LCA. Int. J. Life. Cycle. Assess. 2012,
17, 904-18. DOI
40. Lessard, J. M.; Habert, G.; Tagnit‐Hamou, A.; Amor, B. Assessing robustness of consequential LCA: insights from a multiregional
economic model tailored to the cement industrial symbiosis. J. Ind. Ecol. 2024, 28, 1392-408. DOI
41. Sanabria Garcia, E.; Huysveld, S.; Nachtergaele, P.; Nhu, T.; Dewulf, J. How multifunctionality modelling in LCA affects
decision-making: the case of chemical recycling of plastic waste. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2025, 218, 108262. DOI
42. De Rosa, M.; Pizzol, M.; Schmidt, J. How methodological choices affect LCA climate impact results: the case of structural timber. Int. J.
Life. Cycle. Assess. 2017, 23, 147-58. DOI
43. Vijaya, S.; Ma, A.; Choo, Y. A gate to gate assessment of environmental performance for production of crude palm kernel oil using life
cycle assessment approach. Am. J. Environ. Sci. 2009, 5, 267-72. DOI
44. Lam, W. Y.; Chatterton, J.; Sim, S.; Kulak, M.; Mendoza Beltran, A.; Huijbregts, M. A. J. Estimating greenhouse gas emissions from
direct land use change due to crop production in multiple countries. Sci. Total. Environ. 2021, 755, 143338. DOI
45. Schmidt, J. H.; Weidema, B. P. Shift in the marginal supply of vegetable oil. Int. J. Life. Cycle. Assess. 2007, 13, 235-9. DOI
46. Azizi, M. N.; Loh, T. C.; Foo, H. L.; Teik Chung, E. L. Is palm kernel cake a suitable alternative feed ingredient for poultry? Animals.
(Basel). 2021, 11, 338. DOI PubMed PMC
47. Sangavi, S.; Sawant, P. B.; Ande, M. P.; Syamala, K.; Chadha, N. K. Palm kernel meal - an alternative cost-effective fish feed ingredient.
Aqua Star 2020. https://aquastarmagazine.com/education-palm-kernel-meal.php. (accessed 2026-3-10).
48. Sinurat, A. P.; Purwadaria, T.; Ketaren, P. P.; Pasaribu, T. Substitutions of soybean meal with enriched palm kernel meal in laying hens
diet. JITV. 2015, 19, 184-92. DOI
49. Onwudike, O. Palm kernel meal as a feed for poultry. 3. Replacement of groundnut cake by palm kernel meal in broiler diets. Anim.
Feed. Sci. Technol. 1986, 16, 195-202. DOI
50. Kader M. A.; Bulbul, M.; Abol-Munafi, A. B.; et al. Effect of replacing fishmeal with palm kernel meal supplemented with crude
attractants on growth performance of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. AACL Bioflux 2018, 1, 158-66. http://www.bioflux.com.ro/docs/2018
.158-166.pdf. (accessed 2026-3-10).
51. Silva, R. S.; Lopes, J. R. T.; Espírito Santo, R. V.; et al. Palm kernel meal (Elaeis guineensis) as a substitute for corn (Zea mays) in diets
of Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Aquac. Res. 2020, 51, 3358-66. DOI
52. Anaeto, M.; Chioma, G.; Omosebi, D. Palm kernel cake as substitute for maize in broiler finisher diet. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 2009, 8, 1206-8.
DOI
53. Onunkwo, D. N.; Ugwuene, M. C.; Eze, J. C. R.; Okpechi, F. C. Replacement value of palm kernel meal for maize on growth, egg
quality, and economic parameters of local duck hens. Nigerian. J. Anim. Sci. 2018, 20, 145-51. https://www.academia.edu/35837085/Rep
lacement_value_of_palm_kernel_meal_for_maize_on_growth_egg_quality_and_economic_parameters_of_local_duck_hens. (accessed
2026-3-10).
54. Huang, H.; Lin, X.; Meng, X.; et al. Effects of replacing wheat bran with palm kernel cake or fermented palm kernel cake on the growth
performance, intestinal microbiota and intestinal health of tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus). Front. Nutr. 2024, 11, 1368251. DOI
55. Ninduangdee, P.; Kuprianov, V. I.; Cha, E. Y.; Kaewrath, R.; Youngyuen, P.; Atthawethworawuth, W. Thermogravimetric studies of oil
palm empty fruit bunch and palm kernel shell: TG/DTG analysis and modeling. Energy. Procedia. 2015, 79, 453-8. DOI
56. Handaya, .; Marimin, .; Indrawan, D.; Susanto, H. A comparative life cycle assessment of palm kernel shell in ceramic tile production:
managerial implications for renewable energy usage. Sustainability 2022, 14, 10100. DOI
57. Schuchardt, F.; Wulfert, K.; Darnoko, D.; Herawan, T. Effect of new palm oil mill processes on the EFB and POME utilisation. J. Oil
Palm Res. 2008, 115-26. https://jopr.mpob.gov.my/effect-of-new-palm-oil-mill-processes-on-the-efb-and-pome-utilization/. (accessed
2026-3-10).
58. Gregory, M.; Ozinga, S. Indonesian palm oil smallholders and the EUDR: impacts and ways forward. 2025. https://www.fern.org/publica
tions-insight/article/indonesian-palm-oil-smallholders-and-the-eudr-impacts-and-ways-forward/. (accessed 2026-3-10).
59. FAO. FAOSTAT. Available online: https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL. (accessed 2026-3-10).
