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Choi et al. Cancer Drug Resist. 2026;9:12 Page 17 of 20

integrating mechanistic insight with technological innovation, US-based glymphatic modulation may
ultimately complement or transform existing treatments, offering new opportunities for noninvasive and
precision medicine in neuro-oncology.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Conception and design of the study: Choi W, Kim C, Park EY
Data acquisition: Choi W, Jang MH, Park EY
Data analysis and interpretation: Choi W, Park EY
Administrative, technical, and material support: Choi W, Kim C, Park EY

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

AI and AI-assisted tools statement
During the preparation of this manuscript, the AI tool ChatGPT (version 5.3, released 2025-12-01) was used
solely for language editing and FigureLabs (accessed 2026-02-05) was used to for generating the graphical
abstract. These tools did not influence the scientific content of the work, including interpretation or
conclusions. All authors take full responsibility for the accuracy, integrity, and final content of the
manuscript.

Financial support and sponsorship
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), by the Korea government
(MSIT) (RS-2025-16069009, RS-2024-00340633, and RS-2023-NR077260), by Basic Science Research
Program through the NRF funded by the Ministry of Education (RS-2020-NR049599), and by BK21 FOUR
project.

Conflicts of interest
Kim C has financial interests in Opticho Inc., which, however, did not support this work, while the other
authors have declared that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2026.

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