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Page 12 of 28 Cheng et al. Cancer Drug Resist. 2025;8:46
Figure 4. (A) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of M1-Exos and AApt-Lips hybrid nanovesicles and their regulated anticancer
treatment; (B) In vivo antitumor effects of M1-Exos and AApt-Lips hybrid nanovesicles [reproduced with permission from Zhen et al.
(2024) [134] . Copyright 2024 John Wiley and Sons]. M1-Exos: M1 macrophages-derived exosomes.
containing α-tocopherol. The nanoemulsion effectively reprogrammed TAMs by inhibiting the
hypoxia-activated IRE1-XBP1 axis and reducing oxidative stress, thereby increasing the efficacy of PD-1
antibodies . Biocatalytic nanoparticles were synthesized via chelating competition-induced polymerization
[57]
of a metal-organic framework and dopamine, with the toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist resiquimod and imatinib
incorporated, followed by encapsulation with peptides targeting M2 macrophages and Tregs. These
nanoparticles reprogrammed M2 macrophages into M1 macrophages, reduced Tregs, and efficiently
12
