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Page 36                         McGivern et al. Art Int Surg 2023;3:27-47  https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ais.2022.39

               Table 3. Summary of included studies focusing on interventional uses of AI in HPB surgery
                              Year of                 AI
                Author                  Location  Organ       Aim                   Design     Data
                              publication             method
                        [65]
                Spinczyk et al.  2012   Poland   L    ML      Measurement of liver motion   Single center   Surgery videos
                                                              during surgery        feasibility study
                         [66]
                Okamato et al.  2012    Japan    L/G  CV      Evaluate the utility of an image   Case series  CT images
                                                              display system for augmented
                                                              reality in hepatobiliary surgery
                                                              under laparotomy
                Fang et al. [67]  2013  China    L    CV      Assess the use of 3d planning for  Retrospective   CT images
                                                              hepatectomy for hepatolithiasis  study
                Zein et al. [68]  2013  USA      L    CV      Establish anatomical precision   Prospective   CT/MRI images
                                                              and volumetric accuracy in 3D-  paired case
                                                              printed models for donors and   series
                                                              recipients undergoing LDLT
                Shahin et al. [69]  2014  Germany  L  ML      Develop a navigation approach to  Description of   US images
                                                              quickly compensate for tumor   experiment
                                                              movements due to surgical
                                                              manipulation
                      [70]
                Yang et al.   2014      South Korea L  ML     Develop a user-centered 3D   Pilot study  CT images
                                                              virtual liver surgery planning
                                                              system algorithm
                Fang et al. [71]  2014  China    P    CV      Investigate the clinical   Randomized   CT images
                                                              significance of 3-dimensional   parallel single-
                                                              reconstruction of peripancreatic  blind study
                                                              vessels for patients with
                                                              suspected pancreatic cancer
                      [72]
                Begin et al.  2014      Canada   L    CV      Evaluate an alternative automatic  Prospective   CT images
                                                              technique of liver volumetry   study
                                                              based on a novel 3D virtual
                                                              planning software and compare it
                                                              to the manual technique
                         [73]
                Bliznakova et al.  2015  Bulgaria  L  CV/ML   Develop and test a software   Case series  CT images
                                                              application for evaluation of the
                                                              residual function of the liver prior
                                                              to the intervention of the
                                                              surgeons
                Katic et al. [74]  2015  Germany  P/G  DL     Demonstrate the usefulness of   Case series  Surgery videos
                                                              deep learning model to identify
                                                              surgical steps during
                                                              laparoscopic cholecystectomy
                                                              and pancreatic resections
                      [75]
                Song et al.   2015      UK       L    ML      Describe a freehand laparoscopic  Description of   US/CT/MRI
                                                              ultrasound-based system that   experiment and  images
                                                              registers liver vessels in   case series
                                                              ultrasound with MR/CT data
                Wang et al. [76]  2015  China    L    ML      Demonstrate the potential of   Description of   CT images
                                        USA                   homotopy-based SSC for shape-  experiment
                                                              prior modeling in the liver
                                                              surgical planning system
                Fang et al. [77]  2015  China    L    CV      Compare outcomes of surgery on  Retrospective   CT/MRI images
                                                              centrally located HCC with and   study
                                                              without 3D planning
                       [78]
                Zhang et al.  2015      China    G    CV      Assess the use of 3d planning in   Case series  CT images
                                                              surgery on bile duct cancer
                       [79]
                Okuda et al.  2015      Japan    G    CV      Evaluate the impact of 3D CT   Retrospective   CT images
                                                              cholangiography on operative   study
                                                              planning and outcomes of biliary
                                                              malignancies
                Okamato et al. [80]  2015  Japan  P   CV      Evaluate the utility of navigation   Case series  CT images
                                                              surgery using augmented reality
                                                              technology for pancreatectomy
                         [81]
                Fortmeier et al.  2016  Germany  G/L  CV      Creation of a visuo-haptic   Description of   X-ray/US/CT
                                                              simulation framework for the   experiment  images
                                                              training and planning of the first
                                                              steps of PTCD
   73   74   75   76   77   78   79   80   81   82   83