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Page 34                                                          McGivern et al. Art Int Surg 2023;3:27-47  https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ais.2022.39

               Table 2. Summary of included studies focusing on prognostic uses of AI in HPB surgery
                             Year of                AI
                Authors                Location  Organ      Aim                    Design      Data
                             publication            method
                      [36]
                Singal et al.  2013    USA     L    ML      Develop and compare predictive   Prospective   Patient factors
                                                            models for HCC development   study
                                                            among cirrhotic patients using
                                                            conventional regression analysis
                                                            and machine-learning algorithms
                        [37]
                Banerjee et al.  2015  USA     L    ML/CV   RVI was assessed for its ability to   Prospective   CT images
                                                            predict MVI and outcomes in   evaluation of a
                                                            patients with HCC who underwent  retrospective
                                                            surgical resection or liver   cohort
                                                            transplant
                Walczak et al. [38]  2017  USA  P   ML      Assess the accuracy of artificial   Retrospective   Patient factors
                                                            neural networks in predicting   study
                                                            survival in patients with pancreatic
                                                            cancer using both clinical and
                                                            patient-centered data
                         [39]
                Ying Zhou et al.  2017  China  L    ML/CV   Develop a CT-based radiomics   Retrospective   CT images
                                                            signature and assess its ability to   study
                                                            preoperatively predict the early
                                                            recurrence (≤ 1 year) of
                                                            hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
                       [40]
                Zheng et al.  2018     China   L    ML/CV   Developed a CT–based radiomic   Retrospective   CT images
                                                            nomogram to predict recurrence-  study
                                                            free survival rates for HCC after
                                                            resection, ablation, and transplant
                       [41]
                Ivanics et al.  2019   Canada  L    ML      Leverage machine learning to   Retrospective   Patient factors
                                                            develop an accurate post-  study
                                                            transplantation HCC recurrence
                                                            prediction calculator
                Sala Elarre et al. [42]  2019  Spain  P  ML  Evaluated the 2-year relapse risk   Retrospective   Patient factors
                                                            for pancreatic cancer patients   study
                                                            based on a machine-learning
                                                            algorithm
                Marinelli et al. [43]  2019  USA  L  NLP/DL  Determine if weakly supervised   Retrospective   Radiology
                                                            learning/active transfer learning   study  reports/CT
                                                            can hasten clinical deployment of   images
                                                            deep learning models for liver
                                                            segmentation
                Naseif et al. [44]  2019  USA  P    ML/CV   Develop a delta-radiomic process   Retrospective   CT images
                                                            based on machine learning to   study
                                                            predict the treatment response of
                                                            pancreatic cancer
                Shan et al. [45]  2019  China  L    ML/CV   A Prediction model based on   Retrospective   CT images
                                                            peritumoral radiomics signatures   study
                                                            from CT - investigate its efficiency
                                                            in predicting early recurrence of
                                                            HCC after curative treatment
                      [46]
                Chen et al.  2020      China   L    CV/ML   Establish a radiomics-based   Retrospective   MRI images
                                                            clinical model for preoperative   study
                                                            prediction of PHLF in HCC
                     [47]
                Han et al.   2020      South   P    ML      Risk prediction model for POPF   Retrospective   Patient factors
                                       Korea                using AI               study
                Kambakamba   2020      Switzerland P  ML    The potential of machine learning- Retrospective   CT images
                et al. [48]                                 based approaches to describe the   study
                                                            pancreatic texture and to predict
                                                            POPF
                       [49]
                Merath et al.  2020    USA     L/P  ML      Assess ML algorithm to predict the  Retrospective   Patient factors
                                                            patient risk of developing   study
                                                            complications following liver,
                                                            pancreatic or colorectal surgery
                       [50]
                Saillard et al.  2020  France  L    DL      Evaluate the effectiveness of AI   Development   Histology
                                                            algorithms to predict survival   and testing of AI  images
                                                            following HCC resection  models
                        [51]
                Cesaretti et al.  2020  France   L  ML/DL/CV  Automatizing liver-graft   Prospective   Surgery images
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