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Boutros et al. Art Int Surg 2022;2:213-23 Artificial
DOI: 10.20517/ais.2022.32
Intelligence Surgery

Review Open Access

Artificial intelligence in hepatopancreaticobiliary
surgery - promises and perils

1
2
1
1
Christina Boutros , Vivek Singh , Lee Ocuin , Jeffrey M. Marks , Daniel A. Hashimoto 3
1
Department of Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
2
Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
3
Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, PA
19104, USA.
Correspondence to: Dr. Daniel Hashimoto, Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of
Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 4 Silverstein Pavilion, PA 19104, USA. E-mail:
daniel.hashimoto@pennmedicine.upenn.edu
How to cite this article: Boutros C, Singh V, Ocuin L, Marks JM, Hashimoto DA. Artificial intelligence in hepatopancreaticobiliary
surgery - promises and perils. Art Int Surg 2022;2:213-23. https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ais.2022.32
Received: 4 Oct 2022 First Decision: 17 Nov 2022 Revised: 15 Dec 2022 Accepted: 28 Dec 2022 Published: 30 Dec 2022

Academic Editors: Andrew A. Gumbs, Derek O’Reilly, Henry A. Pitt Copy Editor: Ying Han Production Editor: Ying Han

Abstract
Research and development in artificial intelligence (AI) has been experiencing a resurgence over the past decade.
The rapid growth and evolution of AI approaches can leave one feeling overwhelmed and confused about how
these technologies will impact hepatopancreaticobiliary (HPB) surgery, the obstacles to its clinical translation, and
the role that HPB surgeons can play in accelerating AI’s development and ultimate clinical impact. This review
outlines some of the basic terminology and current approaches in surgical AI, obstacles to further development and
translation of AI, and how HPB surgeons can influence its future in surgery.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence, computer vision, natural language processing, machine learning,
hepatopancreaticobiliary surgery

INTRODUCTION
Research and development in artificial intelligence (AI) has been experiencing a resurgence over the past
decade. Historically, AI was first coined in 1956 in the Dartmouth Summer Research Program, a workshop
organized and attended by scientists who are now recognized as the founders of AI as a field of study. With

© The Author(s) 2022. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, for any purpose, even commercially, as
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